深过冷Ni-32.5%Sn共晶合金凝固过程中的再辉与组织形态

 采用高温过热法去除异质晶核,使15g液体Ni-32.5％Sn共晶合金过冷度达395K(0.28T_E),借助快速红外测温技术研究了再辉现象及其与过冷、晶体形核和长大、以及凝固组织的关系,并对再辉过程中的结晶分数进行了近似计算。     

论制度结构对经济增长的作用

在制度经济学的分析框架里，制度对于经济增长来讲是至关重要的，同时，制度又是有一定结构的，制度结构对于经济增长具有十分重要的作用。从系统论的视角来看，不同的制度结构，其对经济增长的作用是不一样的；从制度融合与冲突的视角看，最有效率的制度安排是能够实现外在制度与内在制度的融合，反之，将会削弱外在制度规则的有效实施，降低制度效率，成为经济增长的绊脚石；从制度效率的视角进行考察，好的制度结构能通过制度效率的提高来促进经济增长，差的制度结构则降低制度效率；如果内在制度与外在制度融合得好，人为设计的制度质量就高，其能够有效实施并发挥出相应的制度效率，从而促进经济的有效增长．相反．就可能对经济增长产哇负作用．     

双层氧化物生长下热障涂层的界面失效与应力演化

在长时高温服役环境下,热障涂层（TBCs）会在内部的陶瓷层（TC）和粘结层（BC）之间生成由Al2O3层和混合性氧化物层（MO）组成的双层热生长氧化物（TGO）。其中,后期生成的MO 由于其疏松多孔、脆性大等特点,极易造成涂层内微裂纹的形成和扩展,导致涂层的过早剥落。因此,依据双层TGO 生长的扩散—氧化模型,在考虑材料非线性变形行为的基础上,运用生死单元法模拟TBCs 内双层TGO 异向生长下涂层界面的失效与应力演化过程。结果表明：MO 的生长会大幅度提升涂层界面的拉伸应力水平,易导致MO/TC 界面在高温阶段波峰区域和冷却阶段斜坡中心区域发生破坏及失效;MO/TC 界面的失效会引起BC 层波峰处更高的拉伸应力,促进冷却阶段Al2O3/BC 界面从波峰向波谷处的破坏;MO/TC 界面失效后,hAl2 O3 /hMO 的增加会加速Al2O3/BC 界面的破坏。     

高空台动静架连接新型篦齿密封结构封严特性研究

针对高空模拟试车台动静架连接处气体泄漏问题,开展基于中段进气的新型篦齿密封结构优化设计与封严特性的数值模拟与试验研究。设计了新型篦齿密封结构,选取篦齿齿尖厚、齿根厚及后倾角为参数变量,泄漏量为优化目标函数,根据Box-Behnken方法设计的样本点和数值计算结果建立二阶响应面模型,开展新型篦齿密封结构泄露特性数值模拟与优化研究,并通过实验进行验证。研究表明,实验结果与有限元计算结果误差不超过10％,验证了数值模型的准确性;通过优化设计与分析,新型篦齿连接结构泄漏量降低12.5％,使得该结构更容易实现最优的封严效果。新型篦齿密封结构封严特性较初始结构提高99.2％,消除了由连接处泄漏带来的附加阻力695.2N。本研究对改进现有高空台动静架连接篦齿密封结构,提升其试验台推力测量的准确性具有重要作用。     

具有吸附性的平板型轨道分子屏离轴区域真空特性的研究

轨道分子屏真空系统,是利用分子屏轨道飞行速度远大于轨道环境大气的平均热运动速度,使空间环境对分子屏产生理想的抽速,在尾部形成气体分子的稀化区,达到极高真空.对平板型轨道分子屏,现有的文献中,仅仅计算了沿对称轴线的压力分布,然而,由于实际的分子屏试验,试件是具有一定尺寸的三维物体。仅仅获得对称轴线上的真空信息是不够的,需要对偏离对称轴线的空间点,进行分析计算.文章针对具有吸附性的平板型轨道分子屏,对偏离对称轴线的压力分布计算,提出了一套计算方法,对500km 的轨道高度,计算结果表明:当考察点与分子屏表面的距离(=|Z0|)小于1.0m,偏离对称轴线的距离小于1.6m 时,真空度维持在优于10~(-10)Pa 的数量级。建议在这一尺度范围进行材料试验。     

Analysis of the Micrometeoroid and Debris Hazard Posed to an Orbiting Parabolic Mirror

Many concepts of future space systems involve the use of parabolic mirrors for optical applications. The need for a highly reflective finish means that performance of such systems will be particularly vulnerable to space debris and micrometeoroids. A case study was performed to examine the micrometeoroid and debris hazard posed to an orbiting parabolic mirror. The mirror considered was nominally Earth-pointed in a circular orbit with two candidate altitudes in low Earth orbit (LEO), well within the region inhabited by man-made debris. The timeframes of interest for the two missions were 2002–2004 and 2005–2015. Microgram and larger particles were considered.To perform this study, it was necessary to determine the debris and meteoroid flux across the parabolic surface. To assess sensitivity of results to uncertainity in available data, two approaches were taken. The first approach was an analytical procedure based on use of long duration exposure facility (LDEF) data and published theoretical results. The second approach used two readily available computer models: the ESA MASTER model and NASA's ORDEM96. In addition, an in-house implementation of the Grün meteoroid model was used. While multiple results were available for the total flux and flux distributed over azimuth, only the MASTER model was available for generating the desired elevation data to obtain the flux distribution over the parabolic mirror. In an attempt to bound the uncertainty in the knowledge of the elevation distribution, the results from both the MASTER and ORDEM96 models were processed together to form a separate, hybrid prediction. In addition, results were used in the preliminary design of a protective skirt.This case study elucidated the practical obstacles and considerations in performing a sufficiently accurate debris and meteoroid analysis using data and tools that are readily available to the broad space sector. The resulting procedures are useful in the assessment of the risk posed to optics by the meteoroid and debris environment and in the design of protection.     

用于高温测量的红外热成像技术

用于高焓风洞实验中模型表面温度测量的CCD红外热成像系统 ,测温范围 1 0 0 0～ 350 0K。笔者介绍系统原理和标定过程 ,并给出了初步风洞实验结果。通过与红外高温计测量结果的比较分析 ,验证了该系统的可靠性和实用性。系统的研制成功为地面防热 /热结构实验中模型表面温度测量提供了先进的手段。     

可靠性增长潜力的分析方法

提出了可靠性增长潜力的分析方法，并讨论了相关影响因素，进而给出了专家评值法，该方法对确定产品可靠性增长的可能目标，明确要采取的主要措施，是一种实用而有效的方法，尤其适用于已批量生产的产品，特别对现阶段以引进和自主开发相结合的我国工业，具有重要的实用价值。     

TiAlB合金中初生TiB2的形貌及其形成机理

用原位自生法制备了Ti-53Al-xB合金,并用X射线衍射仪、扫描电镜对合金的相组成和微观组织进行了研究.结果表明:该合金主要由TiAl和TiB2两相组成;初生TiB2呈六面棱柱状,在TiAlB合金凝固过程中,Al原子富集在初生TiB2固-液界面前沿,导致固-液界面上B原子过饱和度不均匀性增加,使固-液界面变得不稳定, 从而在TiB2(0001)面上产生凸台或柱棒状分枝;分枝的各晶面取向与母体的取向一致,在初生TiB2(0001)面的凸台状或柱棒状分枝上能观察到清晰的台阶.     

Two new multi-phase reliability growth models from the perspective of time between failures and their applications

Aviation products would go through a multi-phase improvement in reliability performance during the research and development process. In the literature, most of the existing reliability growth models assume a constant failure intensity in each test phase, which inevitably limits the scope of the application. To address this problem, we propose two new models considering time-varying failure intensity in each stage. The proposed models borrow the idea from the accelerated failure-time models. It is assumed that time between failures follow the log-location-scale distribution and the scale parameters in each phase do not change, which forms the basis for integrating the data from all test stages. For the test-find-test scenario, an improvement factor is introduced to construct the relationship between two successive location parameters. Whereas for the test-fix-test scenario, the instantaneous cumulative time between failures is assumed to be consistent with Duane model and derive the formulation of location parameter. Likelihood ratio test is further utilized to test whether the assumption of constant failure intensity in each phase is suitable. Several applications with real reliability growth data show that the assumptions are reasonable and the proposed models outperform the existing models.