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41.
A. Debus J. Arnould 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2008
In accordance with the United Nations Outer Space Treaties [United Nations, Agreement Governing the Activities of States on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, UN doc A/RES/34/68, resolution 38/68 of December 1979], currently maintained and promulgated by the Committee on Space Research [COSPAR Planetary Protection Panel, Planetary Protection Policy accepted by the COSPAR Council and Bureau, 20 October 2002, amended 24 March 2005, http://www.cosparhq.org/scistr/PPPolicy.htm], missions exploring the Solar system must meet planetary protection requirements. Planetary protection aims to protect celestial bodies from terrestrial contamination and to protect the Earth environment from potential biological contamination carried by returned samples or space systems that have been in contact with an extraterrestrial environment. From an exobiology perspective, Mars is one of the major targets, and several missions are currently in operation, in transit, or scheduled for its exploration. Some of them include payloads dedicated to the detection of life or traces of life. The next step, over the coming years, will be to return samples from Mars to Earth, with a view to increasing our knowledge in preparation for the first manned mission that is likely to take place within the next few decades. Robotic missions to Mars shall meet planetary protection specifications, currently well documented, and planetary protection programs are implemented in a very reliable manner given that experience in the field spans some 40 years. With regards to sample return missions, a set of stringent requirements has been approved by COSPAR [COSPAR Planetary Protection Panel, Planetary Protection Policy accepted by the COSPAR Council and Bureau, 20 October 2002, amended 24 March 2005, http://www.cosparhq.org/scistr/PPPolicy.htm], and technical challenges must now be overcome in order to preserve the Earth’s biosphere from any eventual contamination risk. In addition to the human dimension of the mission, sending astronauts to Mars will entail meeting all these constraints. Astronauts present huge sources of contamination for Mars and are also potential carriers of biohazardous material on their return to Earth. If they were to have the misfortune of being contaminated, they themselves would become a biohazard, and, as a consequence, in addition to the technical constraints, human and ethical considerations must also be taken into account. 相似文献
42.
43.
MESSENGER: Exploring Mercury’s Magnetosphere 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
James A. Slavin Stamatios M. Krimigis Mario H. Acuña Brian J. Anderson Daniel N. Baker Patrick L. Koehn Haje Korth Stefano Livi Barry H. Mauk Sean C. Solomon Thomas H. Zurbuchen 《Space Science Reviews》2007,131(1-4):133-160
The MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) mission to Mercury offers our first opportunity
to explore this planet’s miniature magnetosphere since the brief flybys of Mariner 10. Mercury’s magnetosphere is unique in
many respects. The magnetosphere of Mercury is among the smallest in the solar system; its magnetic field typically stands
off the solar wind only ∼1000 to 2000 km above the surface. For this reason there are no closed drift paths for energetic
particles and, hence, no radiation belts. Magnetic reconnection at the dayside magnetopause may erode the subsolar magnetosphere,
allowing solar wind ions to impact directly the regolith. Inductive currents in Mercury’s interior may act to modify the solar
wind interaction by resisting changes due to solar wind pressure variations. Indeed, observations of these induction effects
may be an important source of information on the state of Mercury’s interior. In addition, Mercury’s magnetosphere is the
only one with its defining magnetic flux tubes rooted beneath the solid surface as opposed to an atmosphere with a conductive
ionospheric layer. This lack of an ionosphere is probably the underlying reason for the brevity of the very intense, but short-lived,
∼1–2 min, substorm-like energetic particle events observed by Mariner 10 during its first traversal of Mercury’s magnetic
tail. Because of Mercury’s proximity to the sun, 0.3–0.5 AU, this magnetosphere experiences the most extreme driving forces
in the solar system. All of these factors are expected to produce complicated interactions involving the exchange and recycling
of neutrals and ions among the solar wind, magnetosphere, and regolith. The electrodynamics of Mercury’s magnetosphere are
expected to be equally complex, with strong forcing by the solar wind, magnetic reconnection, and pick-up of planetary ions
all playing roles in the generation of field-aligned electric currents. However, these field-aligned currents do not close
in an ionosphere, but in some other manner. In addition to the insights into magnetospheric physics offered by study of the
solar wind–Mercury system, quantitative specification of the “external” magnetic field generated by magnetospheric currents
is necessary for accurate determination of the strength and multi-polar decomposition of Mercury’s intrinsic magnetic field.
MESSENGER’s highly capable instrumentation and broad orbital coverage will greatly advance our understanding of both the origin
of Mercury’s magnetic field and the acceleration of charged particles in small magnetospheres. In this article, we review
what is known about Mercury’s magnetosphere and describe the MESSENGER science team’s strategy for obtaining answers to the
outstanding science questions surrounding the interaction of the solar wind with Mercury and its small, but dynamic, magnetosphere. 相似文献
44.
文中分析了方程xn+1=a+bxn^2/1+xn-2^2(其中a,6∈[0,∞),a+b〉0)的解的性质.并得山①当a=0,0〈b〈2时,方程的每一个解最终严格递减到0;②当b=0,0〈a时,方程的每一个非平凡解关于方程的平衡解振动。特别,当b=0、0〈a≤2时,方程的每一个正解收敛到平衡解x^-上. 相似文献
45.
基于非结构网格流场超大规模并行计算 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
大规模并行的计算流体力学已成为现代航空工业研发的核心手段之一。基于非结构混合网格和有限体积法,发展了适用于工业级复杂外形气动计算的并行流动数值模拟方法。文中首先介绍了紧致数值离散格式、基于Metis的分布式多核系统网格分区技术、并行边界虚拟单元技术和MPI并行实现等相关算法。采用网格量相对较小的旋成体构型绕流模型对比分析多核并行计算结果与单核计算结果以验证并行计算的正确性,比较了不同并行规模下并行效率和残差收敛情况。然后通过对上亿网格单元的运输机复杂构型绕流模拟,开展并行效率的测试,结果表明,本文方法并行加速性能高,直到多达18816核并行效率都保持在80%以上。 相似文献
46.
FGH96涡轮盘低循环疲劳寿命分析技术与试验 总被引:2,自引:2,他引:2
分析FGH96涡轮盘的尺寸效应,分析了分别适合于FGH96亚尺寸盘和全尺寸盘的低循环疲劳寿命预测方法.成功设计了FGH96亚尺寸盘、全尺寸裂纹扩展盘试验件;通过低循环疲劳试验,展现了两种不同的低循环疲劳失效机理,验证了提出的低循环疲劳寿命预测方法;通过裂纹扩展试验,获得了FGH96全尺寸轮盘的裂纹扩展特性,揭示了FGH96全尺寸涡轮盘与紧凑拉伸试样裂纹扩展特性具有显著差别的客观规律;获得FGH96全尺寸涡轮盘580℃损伤容限值,明确某发动机高压涡轮盘损伤容限水平. 相似文献
47.
采用数值模拟和风洞试验的方法,对吸气式高超声速飞行器盲腔状态的流动特性进行了研究。采用"双时间步"方法进行了内外流一体化的非定常数值模拟,利用彩色纹影系统对高超声速飞行器前体流场进行显示,并采用动态压力传感器测得了飞行器内流道的壁面压力随时间的变化。结果表明:盲腔构型在高超声速飞行中会出现周期性的激波振荡现象。数值模拟所得流场变化特征、内流道壁面压力振荡周期和壁面压力变化趋势与试验结果吻合良好。 相似文献
48.
为了提高含有噪声和野值的转子振动故障样本诊断精度,提出了基于WCFSE-FSVM的故障诊断方法。充分融合小波相关特征尺度熵(WCFSE)特征提取方法和FSVM故障诊断方法的优点,建立WCFSE-FSVM故障诊断模型。基于转子实验台模拟4种典型故障,获得原始故障数据;并利用WCFSE方法提取这些故障数据的WCFSE值,选取故障信号高频段中的尺度1和尺度2上的小波相关特征尺度熵W1和W2构造出振动信号的故障向量作为故障样本,建立FSVM诊断模型。实例分析显示:WCFSE-FSVM方法的转子故障诊断精度最高,即故障类别诊断精度为94.49%,故障严重程度的诊断精度为95.58%,二者都优于其它故障诊断方法。验证了WCFSE-FSVM方法的可行性和有效性。 相似文献
49.
50.