Effective non-vertical and apparent cutoff rigidities for a cosmic ray latitude survey from Antarctica to Italy in minimum of solar activity

In this paper we will report the results of the computation of cutoff rigidities of vertical and non-vertical incident cosmic ray particles. Non-vertical effective cutoff rigidities have been computed by tracing particle trajectories through the “real” geomagnetic magnetic field comprising the International Geomagnetic Reference Field model (IGRF95, IAGA Division 5 Working Group 8, 1996: Sabaka, T.J., Langel, R.A., Baldwin, R.T., Conrad, J.A. The geomagnetic field, 1900–1995, including the large scale fields from magnetospheric sources and NASA candidate models for the 1995 IGRF revision. J. Geomag. Geoelect. 49, 157–206, 1997.) and the Tsyganenko [Tsyganenko, N.A. A magnetospheric magnetic field model with a warped tail current sheet. Planet. Space Sci. 37, 5–20, 1989.] magnetosphere model. The computation have been done for the backward route (from Antarctica to Italy) of the Italian Antarctic ship survey 1996–1997, for geographic points corresponding to the daily average coordinates of the ship; for zenith angles 15°, 30°, 45° and 60°, and azimuth angles from 0° to 360° in steps of 45°. By means of the obtained non-vertical cutoffs the apparent cutoff rigidities have been calculated. The information on integral multiplicities of secondary neutrons detected by the neutron monitor in dependence of the zenith angle of incoming primary cosmic ray particles have also been used. This information is based on the theoretical calculations of meson-nuclear cascades of primary protons with different rigidities arriving to the Earth’s atmosphere at the zenith angles of 0°, 15°, 30°, 45°, 60° and 75°. The difference between the computed apparent and vertical cutoff rigidities reaches ∼1 GV at rigidities >7–8 GV. At rigidities of 10–16 GV, the difference between the apparent and vertical cutoff rigidities is larger than that obtained earlier by Clem et al. [Clem, J.M., Bieber, J.W., Duldig, M., Evenson, P., Hall, D., Humble, J.E. Contribution of obliquely incident particles to neutron monitor counting rate. J. Geophys. Res. 102, 26919–26926, 1997.] and Dorman et al. [Dorman, L.I., Villoresi, G., Iucci, N., Parisi, M., Tyasto, M.I., Danilova, O.A., Ptitsyna, N.G. Cosmic ray survey to Antarctica and coupling functions for neutron component near solar minimum (1996–1997), 3. Geomagnetic effects and coupling functions. J. Geophys. Res. 105, 21047–21056, 2000.].     

Multi-rover navigation on the lunar surface

The paper presents a method of determination an accurate position of a target (rover, immobile sensor, astronaut) on surface of the Moon or other celestial body devoid of navigation infrastructure (like Global Positioning System), by using a group of self-calibrating rovers, which serves as mobile reference points. The rovers are equipped with low-precision clocks synchronized by external broadcasting signal, to measure the moments of receiving radio signals sent by localized target. Based on the registered times, distances between transmitter and receivers installed on beacons are calculated. Each rover determines and corrects its own absolute position and orientation by using odometry navigation and measurements of relative distances and angles to other mobile reference points. Accuracy of navigation has been improved by the use of a calibration algorithm based on the extended Kalman filter, which uses internal encoder readings as inputs and relative measurements of distances and orientations between beacons as feedback information. The key idea in obtaining reliable values of absolute position and orientation of beacons is to first calibrate one of the rovers, using the remaining ones as reference points and then allow the whole group to move together and calibrate all the rovers in-motion. We consider a number of cases, in which basic modeling parameters such as terrain roughness, formation size and shape as well as availability of distance and angle measurements are varied.     

半球功率输入和高纬电离层电导

综述和介绍了由TIROS—NOAA系列卫星资料制定高纬沉降粒子能流和电离层积分电导经验模式的方法,绘制了不同粒子沉降活动的Pedersen和Hall电导在磁纬-磁地方时坐标内的等值线分布图．同时给出了不同季节内受太阳电磁辐射控制的电导等值线分布．具体地分析了电导经验模式与磁层-电离层耦合过程的内在联系。     

等离子体密度对栅极系统束流影响分析

针对现有离子推力器栅极系统束流引出分析中未考虑放电室等离子体密度均匀性影响的不足,基于数值方法对该问题进行了研究。采用单元内粒子 （Particle In Cell,PIC） 方法对栅极系统束流引出进行了数值模拟。PIC方法中电场求解采用有限差分方法,离子加速方法采用跳蛙格式。以国产20cm Xe离子推力器作为算例,计算得到了栅极中心和边缘孔引出束流离子和电场的分布。结果显示栅极中心孔相对边缘孔束流聚焦性好,束流发散角小,但中心孔轴线的鞍点电势较边缘孔高24.8V。因此,放电室等离子体密度分布对束流引出具有重要影响,电子返流现象最先出现在栅极中心位置。     

The Radio Observatory on the Lunar Surface for Solar studies

The Radio Observatory on the Lunar Surface for Solar studies (ROLSS) is a concept for a near-side low radio frequency imaging interferometric array designed to study particle acceleration at the Sun and in the inner heliosphere. The prime science mission is to image the radio emission generated by Type II and III solar radio burst processes with the aim of determining the sites at and mechanisms by which the radiating particles are accelerated. Specific questions to be addressed include the following: (1) Isolating the sites of electron acceleration responsible for Type II and III solar radio bursts during coronal mass ejections (CMEs); and (2) Determining if and the mechanism(s) by which multiple, successive CMEs produce unusually efficient particle acceleration and intense radio emission. Secondary science goals include constraining the density of the lunar ionosphere by searching for a low radio frequency cutoff to solar radio emission and constraining the low energy electron population in astrophysical sources. Key design requirements on ROLSS include the operational frequency and angular resolution. The electron densities in the solar corona and inner heliosphere are such that the relevant emission occurs at frequencies below 10 MHz. Second, resolving the potential sites of particle acceleration requires an instrument with an angular resolution of at least 2°, equivalent to a linear array size of approximately 1000 m. Operations would consist of data acquisition during the lunar day, with regular data downlinks. No operations would occur during lunar night.     

基于半参数建模的弹道目标实时滤波

设计弹道目标的实时跟踪滤波器时,精确的动态建模和测量系统误差自校准是提高滤波精度的重要手段。基于补偿最小二乘原理和Tikhonov正则化定理,将难于参数化的复杂运动成分和测量系统误差表示为非参数分量,建立了基于半参数化建模的弹道递推模型和实时滤波算法,并详细设计了半参数建模时所需的光滑因子、正则化矩阵和窗口宽度等建模参数的在线选取方法。仿真实验和实际数据的计算结果表明,非参数成分可以有效地补偿状态模型误差,且可在线校准测量系统误差,显著改善弹道估计精度。算法已初步应用于实际飞行任务,其中的递推建模方法和参数选择策略对其它实时滤波器的设计同样有参考价值。     

Enhancing the ATIC charge resolution

The Advanced Thin Ionization Calorimeter (ATIC) experiment is designed to investigate the charge composition and energy spectra of primary cosmic rays over the energy range from about 10¹¹ to 10¹⁴ eV during Long Duration Balloon (LDB) flights from McMurdo, Antarctica. Currently, analysis from the ATIC-1 test flight and ATIC-2 science flight is underway and preparation for a second science flight is in progress. Charge identification of the incident cosmic ray is accomplished, primarily, by a pixilated Silicon Matrix detector located at the very top of the instrument. While it has been shown that the Silicon Matrix detector provides good charge identification even in the presence of electromagnetic shower backscatter from the calorimeter, the detector only measures the charge once. In this paper, we examine use of the top scintillator hodoscope detector to provide a second measure of the cosmic ray charge and, thus, improve the ATIC charge identification.     

数字信道化接收机结构分析及应用

推导了可直接应用于AD采样数据的高效数字信道化接收机的通用结构,并对抽取因子对信道化输出结果的影响进行了理论分析,得出信道化接收机在不同环境下应用的约束条件。理论分析和仿真结果表明：当信道个数与抽取因子相等时,可实现最小硬件开销的频域无盲区、无混叠的数字信道化接收机。     

Longitudinal parameter identification of a small unmanned aerial vehicle based on modified particle swarm optimization

This paper describes a longitudinal parameter identification procedure for a small unmanned aerial vehicle(UAV)through modified particle swam optimization(PSO).The procedure is demonstrated using a small UAV equipped with only an micro-electro-mechanical systems(MEMS)inertial measuring element and a global positioning system(GPS)receiver to provide test information.A small UAV longitudinal parameter mathematical model is derived and the modified method is proposed based on PSO with selective particle regeneration(SRPSO).Once modified PSO is applied to the mathematical model,the simulation results show that the mathematical model is correct,and aerodynamic parameters and coefficients of the propeller can be identified accurately.Results are compared with those of PSO and SRPSO and the comparison shows that the proposed method is more robust and faster than the other methods for the longitudinal parameter identification of the small UAV.Some parameter identification results are affected slightly by noise,but the identification results are very good overall.Eventually,experimental validation is employed to test the proposed method,which demonstrates the usefulness of this method.     

聚集状态下凝相颗粒的收集与测量

发展了一种可以收集燃烧室中聚集状态颗粒的方法，研制了收集实验装置。数值计算表明，通过改变实验装置的收敛角和实验状态参数可以模拟真实发动机中的颗粒聚集状态。利用该实验装置开展了聚集颗粒收集实验，实验工况模拟了某高过载发动饥在横纵向过载均为40g时的颗粒聚集状态。对实验收集到的颗粒进行了电镜分析，发现大颗粒是由多个小颗粒聚合而成，说明聚集状态下颗粒间碰撞聚合的概率大大增加。对粒径分布进行了半定量的统计，与非聚集状态下的发动机燃烧室中的粒径分布作了比较，证明聚集状态下粒径要比非聚集状态下的大得多。