Compliance of disposal orbits with the French Space Operations Act: The Good Practices and the STELA tool

Space debris mitigation is one objective of the French Space Operations Act (FSOA), in line with Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC) recommendations, through the removal of non-operational objects from populated regions. At the end of their mission, space objects are to be placed on orbits that will minimize future hazards to space objects orbiting in the same region. The FSOA, which came into force in 2010, ensures that technical risks associated with space activities are properly mitigated. The Act confers CNES a central support role in providing technical expertise to government on regulations dealing with space operations. In order to address the compliance of disposal orbits with the law technical requirements, CNES draws up Good Practices as well as a dedicated tool, Semi-analytic Tool for End of Life Analysis (STELA).     

平均轨道根数与密切轨道根数的互换

基于双行轨道根数和简化普适摄动算法,提出平均轨道根数与密切轨道根数的互换算法。以在轨Tan-DEM-X编队的双星为例进行仿真。与传统的只考虑J2项摄动短周期影响的转换算法相比,本文提出的互换算法精度更高：由平均轨道根数转换的密切轨道根数与STK 8软件给出的结果一致;由密切轨道根数转换的平均轨道根数与北美防空司令部公布的双行轨道根数一致。仿真结果表明该互换方法具有科学性和工程应用价值。     

轨道要素奇异问题的改进四元数方法

运用四元数方法可以在一定范围内解决描绘飞行器轨道运动时轨道要素的奇异问题。但四元数固有的双值性使得在对运动方程进行积分时,其正负选取很困难。为了解决这一问题,采用了改进约束方程的四元数方法,并用该方法描述了拉格朗日行星摄动方程,然后研究了地球扁率摄动对地球同步卫星轨道的影响。仿真结果表明：当偏心率小于1时,四元数可以很好地解决轨道要素奇异性问题。与改进的春分点轨道要素相比,四元数的方法有着更加明确的物理意义和几何意义,用四元数表示的运动变量方程的计算更为简单,积分计算效率更高,而且其计算误差也能达到精度要求。     

一组新的四元数轨道要素建模方法

针对传统以欧拉角为参数的轨道要素的奇异性、不确定性以及计算效率低等问题,提出了一种新的四元数轨道要素。建立了新轨道要素与经典轨道要素,以及新轨道要素与惯性系下位置、速度的相互转换关系,推导了基于新轨道要素的高斯摄动方程。以J₂项摄动下的轨道推演为例进行仿真验证,结果表明新轨道要素不仅在圆轨道与赤道平面轨道处不存在奇异性和不确定性,而且由于新轨道要素不涉及三角函数运算,新高斯摄动方程积分效率和计算精度明显提高。     

基于边缘检测与最小二乘支持向量机的人脸图像识别

文章建立了完整的人脸识别系统,通过图像预处理、特征提取和识别3个过程,实现了人脸的分类识别;研究了图像预处理过程中的边缘检测方法,比较了基于一阶导数的Robert算子、Prewitt算子、Sobel算子和基于二阶导数的Gauss-Laplacian算子的检测效果□在识别阶段采用最小二乘支持向量机方法,进行人脸识别实验,并对实验结果进行比较。     

汉字字元构成分析

本文以汉字演变的轨迹为依据,对汉字的字元构成进行了一些分析,讨论了古汉字与现代汉字中字元的关系以及字元的产生、字元的变异、字元的信息量度量,从而对现代汉字字元的切取、归并等提出了自己的看法。基于这些看法,作者选取了近400个字元对《新华字典)(1981年版)上的近一万个汉字的字元组字频率及字元组成的结构类型作了统计,为汉字识别等技术的研究提供了有益的依据。     

《蝇王》象征体系的构建

《蝇王》是当代英国著名小说家威廉.戈尔丁的第一部小说。戈尔丁以象征手法和寓言为主要叙述技巧来表现“人心的黑暗”这一主题。主要从背景、人物以及实物这3个方面分析象征主义手法在《蝇王》中的运用,正是通过这种无处不在的象征,戈尔丁向人们揭示出社会的一切弊端无不是由人的邪恶本性造成,并希望现代人能认识自己的本性,有意识地抑制本性中的黑暗面,起到了警世的作用。     

冷却抑制二元收扩喷管红外特征的模型实验与数值研究

为研究二元收扩喷管排气系统的红外特征及其采取冷却措施后的红外抑制效果,设计了带有冷却结构的喷管实验模型,测量了3组实验状态下的喷管壁面温度和红外辐射强度分布,分析了喷管腔体内各部件的辐射贡献大小。研究结果表明:二元收扩喷管排气系统的积分辐射强度在0°方向上最大,并且随着角度的增大而减小;扩张板的壁面温度下降21.1%,侧壁的壁面温度下降26.6%,可使积分辐射强度降低11.5%~31.9%;在扩张段冷却的基础上,中心锥的壁面温度下降9%,可使积分辐射强度降低21.7%~38.9%。     

Cleaning space debris with a space-based laser system

High-energy pulsed laser radiation may be the most feasible means to mitigate the threat of collision of a space station or other valuable space assets with orbital debris in the size range of 1–10 cm. Under laser irradiation, part of the debris material is ablated and provides an impulse to the debris particle. Proper direction of the impulse vector either deflects the object trajectory or forces the debris on a trajectory through the upper atmosphere, where it burns up. Most research concentrates on ground-based laser systems but pays little attention to space-based laser systems.There are drawbacks of a ground-based laser system in cleaning space debris. Therefore the placement of a laser system in space is proposed and investigated. Under assumed conditions,the elimination process of space debris is analyzed. Several factors such as laser repetition frequency, relative movement between the laser and debris, and inclination of debris particles which may exercise influence to the elimination effects are discussed. A project of a space-based laser system is proposed according to the numerical results of a computer study. The proposed laser system can eliminate debris of 1–10 cm and succeed in protecting a space station.     

Orbit determination of BeiDou navigation satellite system maneuvered satellites based on instantaneous velocity pulses parameters

The BeiDou navigation satellite system (BDS) comprises geostationary earth orbit (GEO) satellites as well as inclined geosynchronous orbit (IGSO) and medium earth orbit (MEO) satellites. Owing to their special orbital characteristics, GEO satellites require frequent orbital maneuvers to ensure that they operate in a specific orbital window. The availability of the entire system is affected during the maneuver period because service cannot be provided before the ephemeris is restored. In this study, based on the conventional dynamic orbit determination method for navigation satellites, multiple sets of instantaneous velocity pulses parameters which belong to one of pseudo-stochastic parameters were used to simulate the orbital maneuver process in the orbital maneuver arc and establish the observed and predicted orbits of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites of BeiDou regional navigation satellite system (BDS-2) and BeiDou global navigation satellite system (BDS-3). Finally, the single point positioning (SPP) technology was used to verify the accuracy of the observed and predicted orbits. The orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered satellites can be greatly improved by using the orbit determination method proposed in this paper. The overlapping orbit determination accuracy of maneuvered GEO satellites of BDS-2 and BDS-3 can improve 2–3 orders of magnitude. Among them, the radial orbit determination accuracy of each maneuvered satellite is basically better than 1 m. simultaneously, the combined orbit determination of the maneuvered and non-maneuvered satellites does not have a great impact on the orbit determination accuracy of the non-maneuvered satellites. Compared with the multi GNSS products (indicated by GBM) from the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ), the impact of adding the maneuvered satellites on the orbit determination accuracy of BDS-2 satellites is less than 9 %. Furthermore, the orbital recovery time and the service availability period are significantly improved. When the node of the predicted orbit is traversed approximately 3 h after the maneuver, the accuracy of the predicted orbit of the maneuvered satellite can reach that of the observed orbit. The SPP results for the BDS reached a normal level when the node of the predicted orbit was 2 h after the maneuver.