环境与灾害监测光学有效载荷发展综述

环境与灾害监测目标具有多样性、定量化要求高等特点,非常适合光学载荷发挥其信息量丰富、种类多、精度高等方面的优势。在国际上,此类光学载荷发展迅速,新技术不断涌现,值得学习借鉴。文章重点阐述了应用于环境与灾害监测民用卫星的光学有效载荷的发展现状和发展趋势,为中国第二代"环境与灾害监测预报小卫星星座"的相关光学有效载荷发展提供参考。     

小卫星高分辨率成像系统

对小卫星对地观测高分辨率成像系统进行了综述。介绍了国内外有极高分辨率（0．5～1．0m）、高分辨率（1．8～2．5m）和中高分辨率（4-10m）小卫星光学成像系统的性能,并与合成孔径雷达（SAR）成像系统进行了比较。给出了小卫星光学成像系统、SAR高分辨率成像系统和卫星平台的关键技术。讨论了未来小卫星及其高分辨率成像系统技术的发展趋势。     

Feasibility of performing space surveillance tasks with a proposed space-based optical architecture

Under ESA contract an industrial consortium including Aboa Space Research Oy (ASRO), the Astronomical Institute of the University of Bern (AIUB), and the Dutch National Aerospace Laboratory (NLR), proposed the observation concept, developed a suitable sensor architecture, and assessed the performance of a space-based optical (SBO) telescope in 2005. The goal of the SBO study was to analyse how the existing knowledge gap in the space debris population in the millimetre and centimetre regime may be closed by means of a passive optical instrument. The SBO instrument was requested to provide statistical information on the space debris population in terms of number of objects and size distribution. The SBO instrument was considered to be a cost-efficient with 20 cm aperture and 6° field-of-view and having flexible integration requirements. It should be possible to integrate the SBO instrument easily as a secondary payload on satellites launched into low-Earth orbits (LEO), or into geostationary orbit (GEO). Thus the selected mission concept only allowed for fix-mounted telescopes, and the pointing direction could be requested freely. Since 2007 ESA focuses space surveillance and tracking activities in the Space Situational Awareness (SSA) preparatory program. Ground-based radars and optical telescopes are studied for the build-up and maintenance of a catalogue of objects. In this paper we analyse how the proposed SBO architecture could contribute to the space surveillance tasks survey and tracking. We assume that the SBO instrumentation is placed into a circular sun-synchronous orbit at 800 km altitude. We discuss the observation conditions of objects at higher altitude, and select an orbit close to the terminator plane. A pointing of the sensor orthogonal to the orbital plane with optimal elevation slightly in positive direction (0° and +5°) is found optimal for accessing the entire GEO regime within one day, implying a very good coverage of controlled objects in GEO, too. Simulations using ESA’s Program for Radar and Optical Observation Forecasting (PROOF) in the version 2005 and a GEO reference population extracted from DISCOS revealed that the proposed pointing scenario provides low phase angles together with low angular velocities of the objects crossing the field-of-view. Radiometric simulations show that the optimal exposure time is 1–2 s, and that spherical objects in GEO with a diameter of below 1 m can be detected. The GEO population can be covered under proper illumination nearly completely, but seasonal drops of the coverage are possible. Subsequent observations of objects are on average at least every 1.5 days, not exceeding 3 days at maximum. A single observation arc spans 3° to 5° on average. Using a simulation environment that connects PROOF to AIUB’s program system CelMech we verify the consistency of the initial orbit determination for five selected test objects on subsequent days as a function of realistic astrometric noise levels. The initial orbit determination is possible. We define requirements for a correlator process essential for catalogue build-up and maintenance. Each single observation should provide an astrometric accuracy of at least 1”–1.5” so that the initially determined orbits are consistent within a few hundred kilometres for the semi-major axis, 0.01 for the eccentricity, and 0.1° for the inclination.     

长焦距同轴三反空间相机光学系统研究

为了满足空间遥感不同应用的需求,完成了4种型式的长焦距同轴三反光学系统设计。根据同轴三反光学系统设计理论,介绍了同轴三反光学系统设计初始结构设计方法,以工作谱段0．45-0．9μm、F数10、焦距10m为例,对4种型式的长焦距同轴三反光学系统进行优化设计,设计视场内获得接近衍射极限的成像品质,并分析和比较了这几种光学系...     

Nighttime cloud properties retrieval using MODIS and artificial neural networks

In this work a methodology for inferring water cloud macro and microphysical properties from nighttime MODIS imagery is developed. This method is based on the inversion of a theoretical radiative transfer model that simulates the radiances detected in each of the sensor infrared bands. To accomplish this inversion, an operational technique based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) is proposed, whose main characteristic is the ability to retrieve cloud properties much faster than conventional methods. Furthermore, a detailed study of input data is performed to avoid different sources of errors that appear in several MODIS infrared channels. Finally, results of applying the proposed method are compared with in-situ measurements carried out during the DYCOMS-II field experiment.     

几何代数域内的光流场改进算法

提山了一种新的光流场计算方法：首先,在几何代数域内推导了光流约束方程的新形式;然后,在速度场平滑的基础上,通过求解关于初值问题的热传导方程求解光流场;最后,给出光流场的数值解和仿真结果。实验证明此方法是有效的。     

检定几何量仪器标准器组测量不确定度评定

以标准线纹尺、小量块组、多面棱体、刻线样板、标准半圆球、渐开线样板检定／校准几何量光学仪器时,标准器组的测量不确定度评定。     

光学镜体用铍材及其尺寸稳定性

文中评述了铍材用作光学镜体的优越性及其发展状部况,讨论了影响铍镜尺寸稳定 因素及提高尺寸稳定性的可能途径。     

吸气模式激光推进空气等离子体光谱

利用实验室自行研制的紫外预电离CO2激光器进行了激光等离子体实验,实验采用底面直径均为60mm,焦距分别为5 mm和10 mm的两种抛物面光船。介绍了激光等离子体光谱和明显的特征谱线,以及激光等离子体温度估计模型;分析了两种光船对激光等离子体的影响。实验表明:相同底面直径10 mm焦距光船产生的等离子体信号峰值和持续时间均略大于5 mm焦距光船;10 mm焦距光船产生的等离子体温度明显高于5 mm的,最大温度产生时间比5 mm光船要晚一些。     

刘家峡右岸水电站模型试验的光路布置

使用二维激光多普勒测速仪（ＬＤＶ）对圆管中水注流进行测速时,对于窗口的设置、利用反射镜前向接收的方法和侧向接收方式等问题,本文进行了探讨,并总结了测量中的一些实际经验。