近期美元贬值的原因分析

2003年国际外汇市场价格波动日趋扩大,美元兑欧元、英镑、日元、澳元、加元持续贬值,并创下多年低位.文章从财政、贸易、公众心理等方面分析了2003年初以来的美元贬值的缘由,并对美元汇率的未来走势做出预测:从长期看,美元仍有可能恢复其强势地位.     

一般令牌网络的性能分析

提出了一般令牌网络的性能分析模型,在模型中,访问方式为“循环策略”,消息包到达各站点服从Ｐｏｉｓｓｏｎ分布,消息包到达率不完全相同,消息包长度既有常数也有负指数分布,根据随时过程的理论导出令牌循环时间Ｔ的均值和方差的一般解析表达式,同时应用排队论的方法进行一步分析了平均消息延时,平均消息长度和逻辑环路利用率。     

多级波瓣引射混合器气动性能数值研究

通过三维CFD计算,研究了在特定混合管长径比和截面比下,单、双级波瓣引射混合器性能随基本结构参数变化的规律和差异.研究结果表明:双级波瓣引射混合器的引射系数随波瓣扩张角和主流速度的增加而增加,双级波瓣引射混合器的第1级引射系数要高于单级波瓣引射混合器,且总引射系数比单级波瓣引射混合器高出100%;主流流速增加,流向涡强度和速度环量相应增大;单级波瓣引射混合器沿程流向涡峰值强度不断减弱,但速度环量先增加后减小;双级波瓣引射混合器沿程流向涡强度和速度环量则同时逐渐减小,且在1级引射中减小速度要快些;由于主流速度增加或扩张角增大造成的主流过早附壁使得热混合效率减小;尽管双级波瓣引射混合器混合管内热混合效率增加放缓,但与单级波瓣引射混合器相比,混合管出口处热混合效率还是有6%的增加.      

Stratospheric polar vortex as a possible reason for temporal variations of solar activity and galactic cosmic ray effects on the lower atmosphere circulation

Possible reasons for the temporal instability of long-term effects of solar activity (SA) and galactic cosmic ray (GCR) variations on the lower atmosphere circulation were studied. It was shown that the detected earlier ∼60-year oscillations of the amplitude and sign of SA/GCR effects on the troposphere pressure at high and middle latitudes (Veretenenko and Ogurtsov, Adv.Space Res., 2012) are closely related to the state of a cyclonic vortex forming in the polar stratosphere. The intensity of the vortex was found to reveal a roughly 60-year periodicity affecting the evolution of the large-scale atmospheric circulation and the character of SA/GCR effects. An intensification of both Arctic anticyclones and mid-latitudinal cyclones associated with an increase of GCR fluxes at minima of the 11-year solar cycles is observed in the epochs of a strong polar vortex. In the epochs of a weak polar vortex SA/GCR effects on the development of baric systems at middle and high latitudes were found to change the sign. The results obtained provide evidence that the mechanism of solar activity and cosmic ray influences on the lower atmosphere circulation involves changes in the evolution of the stratospheric polar vortex.     

前翼对飞机纵向气动特性和机翼载荷影响研究

利用ARGON和MGAERO计算了三翼面布局飞机气动特性和机翼载荷,给出了有前翼、无前翼布局全机气动特性和机翼环量分布。研究分析了前翼对全机气动特性、机翼分布载荷的影响规律,得到了一些重要的结论,可用于飞机型号设计。     

CFD simulation of helicopter rotor flow based on unsteady actuator disk model

Actuator Disks (AD) can provide characterizations of rotor wakes while reducing computational expense associated with modeling the fully resolved blades. This work presents an unsteady actuator disk method based on surface circulation distribution combined with empirical data, blade element theory and rotor momentum theory. The nonuniform circulation distribution accounts for 3D blade load effects, and in particular, tip loses. Numerical simulations were conducted for the isolated pressure sensitive paint model rotor blade in hover and forward flight using the HMB3 CFD solver of Glasgow University. Validation of CFD results in comparison with published numerical data was performed in hover, for a range of blade pitch angles using fully turbulent flow and the k-ω SST model. In forward flight, the vortex structures predicted using the unsteady actuator disk model showed configurations similar to the ones obtained using fully resolved rotor blades. Despite the reduced grid cells number, the CFD results for AD models captured well the main vortical structures around the rotor disk in comparison to the fully resolved cases.     

Comparison of global chlorophyll concentrations using MODIS data

Chlorophyll concentrations derived from satellite borne ocean color sensors data provide an idea of the distribution of phytoplanktons across the oceans which help us in understanding the spatial and temporal dynamics of phytoplanktons. The changes in the patterns of distribution and abundance of the planktons have significant impact on the entire ecosystem and play a key role in the global carbon cycle. In this paper, we have analyzed annual and seasonal chlorophyll concentrations retrieved from MODIS data for the periods March 2000–October 2003, which reveal the spatial and seasonal distribution of chlorophyll concentrations across the global oceans. Chlorophyll concentrations anomaly indicate that chlorophyll concentrations in almost all ocean regions responded similarly.     

Investigations of tip-jet and exhaust jet development in a ducted fan

The major aim of this work is to investigate the tip-jet and exhaust jet development in a ducted fan as well as the impact on the fan’s performance. The flow field of the ducted fans under the solidity varied from 0.2 to 0.7 are simulated by using the shear-stress transport k-ω turbulence model with a refined high-quality structured grid. The exhaust jet trajectory, expanding range and the flow intersection of the jet and mainstream in the blade passage are analyzed. As the results suggest, the flow direction of the exhaust jet is deflected by the downwash and Coanda effect. The major decay region of the exhaust jet can extend at least 2 times the blade chord downstream from the blade trailing edge. The blade circulation is impacted by the tip-jet rather than the exhaust jet from the upstream when the blade tip pitch angle is 8°, and the fan solidity is less than 0.7. The blade tip thrust is reduced by the interruption from the exhaust jet when the blade tip pitch angle is 2°, and the fan solidity is larger than 0.3.     

Satellite ocean colour algorithm for Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, and picoeukaryotes concentration retrieval in the South China Sea

An algorithm for retrieval of surface waters cell concentrations (in cell/ml) for three picophytoplankton components, Prochlorococcus (Pro), Synechococcus (Syn), and picoeukaryotes (Peuk) in the South China Sea (SCS), from ocean colour satellite data was developed and tested. Level 3 merged multisensor Ocean Colour Climate Change Initiative satellite data is used. Training is performed using in situ data on abundances of the three phytoplankton components. Several predictors derived from satellite reflectance data were tested. The regression form that assures the highest accuracy of the algorithm was chosen based on cross-validation (CV). According to the CV on test data subset, the algorithm performance is characterized by the r value 0.89, 0.72, and 0.73 and MAPD 38, 71 and 51% for Peuk, Pro, and Syn respectively. This is one of the few studies aimed at the Peuk, Pro, and Syn distribution research in the northern SCS using ocean colour satellite data. This is the only research providing algorithm with accuracy estimates of the Peuk, Pro, and Syn concentrations retrieval from the ocean colour data. Analysis of the developed algorithm allows us to conclude that both mechanisms (specific spectral features caused by pigments composition and spectrum features sensitive to general primary productivity, e.g. band ratios in 443–510?nm range and spectrum absolute values) are important for getting accurate information on the picophytoplankton composition.     

Chlorophyll,calcite, and suspended sediment concentrations in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea at the river mouths

Chlorophyll and suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) and sea surface temperature (SST) are important parameters in assessing the productivity of coastal regions. Numerous rivers flow into the eastern (Ganga, Subernarekha, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Penner, and Kaveri) and western (Narmada, Tapti, and Indus) coasts of the Indian sub-continent. Using IRS P4 (Oceansat-1) Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, we have retrieved chlorophyll, calcite, and SSC near the mouth of these rivers for the period during 2000–2004. The maxima of chlorophyll-a concentrations at the river mouth is much higher for the Himalayan and north India rivers (Ganga, Subernarekha, Mahanadi, and Indus) (10–14 mg/m³) compared to rivers in the southern parts of India (Kaveri and Penner) (∼4 mg/m³). The maxima of calcite concentration (∼45 moles/m³), chlorophyll (∼14 mg/m³), and sediment concentrations (∼9 g/m³) near river mouth are found to be influenced by river discharges (Ganga and Brahmaputra) during the monsoon season. The calcite concentration (∼45 moles/m³) at the mouth of Ganga river shows a major peak with the onset of monsoon season (June–July) followed by a maxima in chlorophyll-a with a time lag of 1–2 months. The Krishna, Kaveri, and Penner rivers show low chlorophyll concentrations (3–8 mg/m³), high calcite (0–40 moles/m³), and low SSC (<3 g/m³) compared to Narmada and Tapti rivers (chlorophyll-a 12–14 mg/m³, calcite 0–2 moles/m³, and SSC 13–19 g/m³). The Indus river shows similar behavior (maxima of chlorophyll ∼13 mg/m³ and SSC ∼8 g/m³) with respect to Ganga river except for high calcite concentration during winter months (∼25 moles/m³). The characteristics of the chlorophyll, calcite, and SSC at the mouth of these rivers show spatial and temporal variability along the eastern and westerns coasts of India which are found to differ widely. A comparison of the chlorophyll concentrations using OCM and MODIS data shows low chlorophyll concentrations in the Bay of Bengal as compared to the Arabian Sea.