Johannes Geiss’ Investigations of Solar, Heliospheric and Interstellar Matter

Johannes Geiss is a world leader and foremost expert on measurements and interpretation of the composition of matter that reveals the history, present state, and future of astronomical objects. With his Swiss team he was first to measure the composition of the noble gases in the solar wind when in the late 1960s he flew the brilliant solar wind collecting foil experiments on the five Apollo missions to the moon. Always at the forefront of the art of composition measurements, he with his colleagues determined the isotopic and elemental composition of the solar wind using instruments characterized by innovative design that have provided the most comprehensive record of the solar wind composition under all solar wind conditions at all helio-latitudes. He discovered heavy interstellar pickup ions, from which the composition of the neutral gas of the Local Interstellar Cloud is determined, and the “Inner Source” of pickup ions. Johannes Geiss played a key role both in the in-situ measurements and modeling of molecular ions in comets, and the interpretation of these data. He and co-workers measured the composition of plasmas in the magnetospheres of Earth and Jupiter. Here we highlight Johannes Geiss’ many discoveries and seminal contributions to our knowledge of the composition of matter of the Sun, solar wind, interstellar gas, early universe, comets and magnetospheres.     

An Update on Ultra-Heavy Elements in Solar Energetic Particles above 10 MeV/Nucleon

Measurements below several MeV/nucleon from Wind/LEMT and ACE/ULEIS show that elements heavier than Zn (Z=30) can be enhanced by factors of ∼100 to 1000, depending on species, in ³He-rich solar energetic particle (SEP) events. Using the Solar Isotope Spectrometer (SIS) on ACE we find that even large SEP (LSEP) shock-accelerated events at energies from ∼10 to >100 MeV/nucleon are often very iron rich and might contain admixtures of flare seed material. Studies of ultra-heavy (UH) SEPs (with Z>30) above 10 MeV/nucleon can be used to test models of acceleration and abundance enhancements in both LSEP and ³He-rich events. We find that the long-term average composition for elements from Z=30 to 40 is similar to standard solar system values, but there is considerable event-to-event variability. Although most of the UH fluence arrives during LSEP events, UH abundances are relatively more enhanced in ³He-rich events, with the (34<Z<40)/O ratio on average more than 50 times higher in ³He-rich events than in LSEP events. At energies >10 MeV/nucleon, the most extreme event in terms of UH composition detected so far took place on 23 July 2004 and had a (34<Z<40)/O enhancement of ∼250–300 times the standard solar value.     

Long-Term Fluences of Solar Energetic Particles from H to Fe

Data from ACE and GOES have been used to measure Solar Energetic Particle (SEP) fluence spectra for H, He, O, and Fe, over the period from October 1997 to December 2005. The measurements were made by four instruments on ACE and the EPS sensor on three GOES satellites and extend in energy from ∼0.1 MeV/nuc to ∼100 MeV/nuc. Fluence spectra for each species were fit by conventional forms and used to investigate how the intensities, composition, and spectral shapes vary from year to year.     

The Surface of Mercury as Seen by Mariner 10

The Mariner 10 spacecraft made three flyby passes of Mercury in 1974 and 1975. It imaged a little less than half of the surface and discovered Mercury had an intrinsic magnetic field. This paper briefly describes the surface of Mercury as seen by Mariner 10 as a backdrop to the discoveries made since then by ground-based observations and the optimistic anticipation of new discoveries by MESSENGER and BepiColombo spacecraft that are scheduled for encounter in the next decade.     

光学原位法探针测量超低减排烟气

随着燃煤电厂超低减排的开展,烟气监测技术的要求也越来越严格。研制了应用差分光学吸收光谱(DOAS)和多波长消光的实时在线烟气监测探针,可同时对SO_2、烟尘等浓度进行监测。并在实验室进行了标定,SO_2浓度及烟尘反演误差均小于10%,不同浓度SO_2反演浓度曲线线性度好,线性相关系数为0.999 64。利用该系统对某燃煤电厂烟气中的SO_2和液滴颗粒物进行了现场监测。结果表明:该系统对SO_2、液滴颗粒的监测结果与锅炉运行工况、实际运行状况吻合。     

超精密研磨抛光方法

介绍了几种近代超精密研磨抛光方法的加工原理、特点、加工对象和应用。     

灰色理论在垃圾气化过程中NOx排放定量预测的应用

本文把灰色理论及方法应用于对垃圾气化处理的NOx排放的定量预测中。建立了一定工况条件下的垃圾气化处理中的NOx排放的灰色预测模型。所建模型的预测结果与实际值的误差只有1％左右。通过本文的实例表明，该方法具有预测精度高、简便易行的优点。对固体废物的气化处理过程中的污染物排放控制具有指导意义。     

导弹水下发射时喷管的气体流动

针对导弹水下发射时喷管的气体流动问题，建立了水下喷管流的简化模型，定性地研究水环境的惯性对水下喷管内气体流动造成的阻滞作用。计算显示受阻滞流量△Q及受阻滞时间△t和喷管的喉部面积At呈幂函数关系，固定其他参数仅改变水深，△Q及△t和进口处气体的滞止压力p0与当地水下静压之间的压力差也有幂函数关系。结果表明喷管所处的水下深度越大，喷管内气体流动受阻滞状况也就越严重，而减小喉部面积At和适当增加膨胀比Ab/At以及增加滞止压力po，均有助于改善水环境对喷管喷出气体造成的阻滞状况。     

汽车发动机燃烧代用燃料的主要问题

本文较全面地概述了主要代用燃料的物化特性、燃用经济性、排放试验对比结果和有关技术问题,简述了国内外燃用代用燃料的发展状况。文中指出燃用代用燃料对节能、环保、开发新能源的重要意义,以及燃用代用燃料时发动机结构的改变。     

复杂可修系统可信度建模中任务维修度计算的统计推断方法

在设定每一部件的致命性故障率为常数并在确定出各部件任务修复时间置信上限的基础上,通过对可能发生的多次致命性故障事件的概率状态描述,得到了部件故障率与系统可信度的定量关系,进而依据这一可信度的建模原理归纳出不考虑任务修复时间的具体分布类型时复杂可修串联系统可信度的计算方法,同时也给出了任务维修度的统计推断表达式;最后,以典型的 ４ 部件串联可修系统为例,探讨了致命性故障次数、允许任务修复时间、部件任务修复时间的不同置信上限等的变化对系统可信度的影响,并论证了系统可靠性、维修性和保障性与可信度的关系。