基于交叉射流与切向旋流的CH_4柔和燃烧特性对比

轴向分级柔和燃烧器中,采用了交叉射流、切向旋流两种掺混方式,通过实验结合数值计算的方法,从流场和组分分布角度比较了两种掺混方式的掺混特点,从火焰特征、NO/CO排放方面比较了燃烧性能.实验以甲烷为燃料,热功率为16.2~25.9kW,相对切向旋流,交叉射流延缓了燃料、空气的直接混合,燃料、空气燃烧前经回流烟气充分预热和稀释,火焰根部有抬升,反应区体积大,火焰特征更接近柔和燃烧.同时,交叉射流分级燃烧器的污染物排放性能更优,回流比例为0.5、当量比为0.6时,烟气中NO和CO体积分数均仅为4×10-6.     

基于燃烧室多反应器模型的民用涡扇发动机排放预测

选用燃油JetA为航空燃料,建立了简化火焰锋面模型、燃烧化学平衡模型、燃烧动力学模型、燃油雾化模型、燃油蒸发模型及污染排放生成模型.采用基于燃烧室多反应器模型对发动机在不同工作状态下的排放产物NOx、未燃碳氢化合物(unburned hydrocarbons,UHC)和CO进行了计算.结果表明:燃烧室内火焰温度越高,NOx排放量越大.在发动机工作在低转速工况下时,燃油液滴的雾化直径大,造成CO与UHC排放量增加.基于燃烧室多反应器模型计算通用性强、速度快,适合与发动机性能程序相结合,在发动机设计阶段对发动机不同工作状态下的排放产物含量进行预测计算.     

Aero-engine fault diagnosis applying new fast support vector algorithm

A new fast learning algorithm was presented to solve the large-scale support vector machine ( SVM ) training problem of aero-engine fault diagnosis.The relative boundary vectors ( RBVs ) instead of all the original training samples were used for the training of the binary SVM fault classifiers.This pruning strategy decreased the number of final training sample significantly and can keep classification accuracy almost invariable.Accordingly , the training time was shortened to 1 / 20compared with basic SVM classifier.Meanwhile , owing to the reduction of support vector number , the classification time was also reduced.When sample aliasing existed , the aliasing sample points which were not of the same class were eliminated before the relative boundary vectors were computed.Besides , the samples near the relative boundary vectors were selected for SVM training in order to prevent the loss of some key sample points resulted from aliasing.This can improve classification accuracy effectively.A simulation example to classify 5classes of combination fault of aero-engine gas path components was finished and the total fault classification accuracy reached 96.1%.Simulation results show that this fast learning algorithm is effective , reliable and easy to be implemented for engineering application.     

非均匀温度场下声发射源定位方法

针对非均匀温度场下声发射信号传播速度不一致导致时差定位法定位精度下降的问题,研究基于波束形成法的声发射源定位效果.首先,基于板波理论研究声发射信号的传播特性,分析频散现象等对声发射信号速度测试的影响;然后通过数值仿真研究声发射波束形成法定位精度对不同重建速度的定位效果,进而发现在声发射波束形成法在阵列方向具有速度不敏感性.在加热前后的薄钢板上进行断铅定位实验,其结果表明声发射波束形成法可以在非均匀温度场中保持较高的定位精度,在机匣温度不均的航空发动机碰摩定位领域有良好的应用前景.      

凹腔喷射超声速燃烧火焰结构实验研究

为加深对凹腔喷射超声速燃烧火焰结构的认识,利用OH基自发辐射成像和PLIF技术对凹腔上游横向喷注氢气的超声速燃烧流场进行研究.结果表明,火焰主要分布在凹腔剪切层附近及喷流内部,喷口附近没有火焰;燃料喷注当量比、燃料喷注位置及凹腔构型对火焰分布和火焰强度影响较大,在设计燃烧室时应加以考虑.     

直流磁控溅射ZnO:Al薄膜的光电和红外发射特性

以锌、铝合金(ω(Al)=3%)为靶材,利用直流反应磁控溅射法制备了系列掺铝氧化锌ZnO:Al(ZAO)薄膜样品,通过X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、分光光度计、霍耳效应及红外发射率测量仪等测试仪器或方法表征了样品的结构、形貌、光学、电学及红外发射特性.测得样品最低电阻率达到1.8×10^-6(Ω·m),最大禁带宽度为3.47?eV,可见光区平均透过率达到90%,8~14?μm波段平均红外发射率在0.26~0.9之间.上述特性均随衬底温度和溅射功率的变化有着规律的变化.当方块电阻小于45?Ω时,薄膜在8~14?μm波段平均红外发射率与方块电阻遵循二阶函数变化规律.     

Understanding high-density matter through analysis of surface spectral lines and burst oscillations from accreting neutron stars

We discuss millisecond period brightness oscillations and surface atomic spectral lines observed during type I X-ray bursts from a neutron star in a low mass X-ray binary system. We show that modeling of these phenomena can constrain models of the dense cold matter at the cores of neutron stars. We demonstrate that, even for a broad and asymmetric spectral line, the stellar radius-to-mass ratio can be inferred to better than 5%. We also fit our theoretical models to the burst oscillation data of the low mass X-ray binary XTE J1814-338, and find that the 90% confidence lower limit of the neutron star’s dimensionless radius-to-mass ratio is 4.2.     

放电发射光谱在金属微弧氧化表面处理中的应用研究进展

液相火花放电现象是金属微弧氧化表面处理时典型特征,发射光谱(OES)技术是表征微弧放电光谱特征和探索微弧氧化机理的有效手段。本文综述了铝、镁、钛等金属微弧氧化过程中发射光谱的研究现状。介绍微弧放电区等离子体的电子温度、电子密度等特征参数计算原理。重点关注了不同金属基体材料、电参数及电解液组成条件下,等离子体放电行为对微弧氧化膜结构的影响规律,并比较不同放电模型的异同。基于OES谱线评估得到的各种金属微弧等离子体温度为3000~10000 K,为放电通道内快速熔化-凝固过程促进陶瓷膜生长机制提供证据。     

Clusters of Galaxies: Setting the Stage

Clusters of galaxies are self-gravitating systems of mass ∼10¹⁴–10¹⁵ h ⁻¹ M_⊙ and size ∼1–3h ⁻¹ Mpc. Their mass budget consists of dark matter (∼80%, on average), hot diffuse intracluster plasma (≲20%) and a small fraction of stars, dust, and cold gas, mostly locked in galaxies. In most clusters, scaling relations between their properties, like mass, galaxy velocity dispersion, X-ray luminosity and temperature, testify that the cluster components are in approximate dynamical equilibrium within the cluster gravitational potential well. However, spatially inhomogeneous thermal and non-thermal emission of the intracluster medium (ICM), observed in some clusters in the X-ray and radio bands, and the kinematic and morphological segregation of galaxies are a signature of non-gravitational processes, ongoing cluster merging and interactions. Both the fraction of clusters with these features, and the correlation between the dynamical and morphological properties of irregular clusters and the surrounding large-scale structure increase with redshift. In the current bottom-up scenario for the formation of cosmic structure, where tiny fluctuations of the otherwise homogeneous primordial density field are amplified by gravity, clusters are the most massive nodes of the filamentary large-scale structure of the cosmic web and form by anisotropic and episodic accretion of mass, in agreement with most of the observational evidence. In this model of the universe dominated by cold dark matter, at the present time most baryons are expected to be in a diffuse component rather than in stars and galaxies; moreover, ∼50% of this diffuse component has temperature ∼0.01–1 keV and permeates the filamentary distribution of the dark matter. The temperature of this Warm-Hot Intergalactic Medium (WHIM) increases with the local density and its search in the outer regions of clusters and lower density regions has been the quest of much recent observational effort. Over the last thirty years, an impressive coherent picture of the formation and evolution of cosmic structures has emerged from the intense interplay between observations, theory and numerical experiments. Future efforts will continue to test whether this picture keeps being valid, needs corrections or suffers dramatic failures in its predictive power.