Relativistic electron fluxes and dose rate variations during April–May 2010 geomagnetic disturbances in the R3DR data on ISS

Space radiation has been monitored successfully using the Radiation Risks Radiometer-Dosimeter (R3D) installed at the ESA EXPOSE-R (R3DR) facility outside of the Russian Zvezda module of the International Space Station (ISS) between March 2009 and January 2011. R3DR is a Liulin type spectrometer–dosimeter with a single Si PIN detector 2 cm² of area and 0.3 mm thick. The R3DR instrument accumulated about 2 million measurements of the absorbed dose rate and flux of 10 s resolution. The total external and internal shielding before the detector of R3DR device is 0.41 g cm⁻². The calculated stopping energy of normally incident particles to the detector is 0.78 MeV for electrons and 15.8 MeV for protons. After the Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) at 09:54 UTC on 3 April 2010, a shock was observed at the ACE spacecraft at 0756 UTC on 5 April, which led to a sudden impulse on Earth at 08:26 UTC. Nevertheless, while the magnetic substorms on 5 and 6 of April were moderate; the second largest in history of GOES fluence of electrons with energy >2 MeV was measured. The R3DR data show a relatively small amount of relativistic electrons on 5 April. The maximum dose rate of 2323 μGy day⁻¹ was reached on 7 April; by 9 April, a dose of 6600 μGy was accumulated. By the end of the period on 7 May 2010 a total dose of 11,587 μGy was absorbed. Our data were compared with AE-8 MIN, CRESS and ESA-SEE1 models using SPENVIS and with similar observations on American, Japanese and Russian satellites.     

PHITS simulations of the Protective curtain experiment onboard the Service module of ISS: Comparison with absorbed doses measured with TLDs

“Protective curtain” was the physical experiment onboard the International Space Station (ISS) aimed on radiation measurement of the dose – reducing effect of the additional shielding made of hygienic water-soaked wipes and towels placed on the wall in the crew cabin of the Service module Zvezda. The measurements were performed with 12 detector packages composed of thermoluminescent detectors (TLDs) and plastic nuclear track detectors (PNTDs) placed at the Protective curtain, so that they created pairs of shielded and unshielded detectors.     

飞机进近着陆电磁环境建模与辐射分布分析

机场终端区电磁、地形和地物在拓扑、物理和语义上的异构性导致进近着陆电磁环境构成机理复杂,很难用单尺度解析模型表征电磁环境的本质属性.在分析终端区多要素层次构成机理和关联耦合特征的基础上,提出一种多层融合的进近着陆电磁环境模型架构.综合采用矩量法和射线追踪法模拟台站辐射特性和地空电波传播模式,建立进近着陆区域电磁辐射强度量化表征与空间分布计算模型,有效降低了场边界特性不规则时空变化带来的电波预测误差.结合某机场地形和航向台数据,对终端区主航道和余隙航道的电磁辐射强度和覆盖范围进行计算和对比分析.仿真结果验证了本建模与分析方法的有效性.     

飞行弹丸红外特性的地面模拟试验

设计并建立了用于飞行弹丸中段飞行状态实验室模拟的试验系统,测量获得了飞行弹丸的红外辐射特性.基于传热与辐射理论,分析了相关参数对实验结果的影响,获得飞行弹丸在一定飞行状态下的辐射特性变化规律.目标的初始温度和辐照条件是影响目标辐射特性的主要因素,自旋状态影响辐射特性的空间分布.试验测量与数值仿真和理论分析结果均具有很好的一致性,证明在实验室开展飞行弹丸的红外辐射特性模拟试验具有可行性.     

电离辐照诱发面阵电荷耦合器暗信号增大试验

针对电荷耦合器件(CCD)在空间轨道环境中应用时易受到辐射损伤的影响,对面阵CCD的电离辐照损伤效应问题进行了试验研究.首先,通过开展面阵CCD60 Co γ射线电离辐照效应试验,在暗场条件下测试了面阵CCD辐照后输出信号随积分时间的变化,并拟合计算出暗信号斜率.然后,对比分析了不同偏置条件下辐照后暗信号退化的试验规律;分析了不同偏置条件下辐照后暗信号的退火恢复情况;分析了不同积分时间、不同总剂量下的暗信号不均匀性的变化规律.最后,阐述了电离辐照损伤诱发面阵CCD暗信号增大的物理机制.结果表明:面阵CCD对电离辐照损伤很敏感,在进行航天器成像系统设计时,要充分考虑CCD受电离辐照损伤带来的影响.     

我国空间电力线谐波辐射现象分析

研究了利用DEMETER卫星电磁场探测数据辨识电力线谐波辐射(PLHR,Power Line Harmonic Radiation)事件的方法,探讨了我国空间中PLHR事件的特点.通过采用时频分析和Welch功率谱估计法分析了2005-2010年6年我国空间中的全部卫星电场强度探测数据,共发现151例PLHR事件,给出了PLHR事件的统计分析和典型实例.结果表明我国空间PLHR事件的频率分布在1 000~4 500 Hz之间,多为50 Hz的奇数倍,间隔为50/100 Hz.PLHR事件与我国电网发展和变化有密切关系,与地磁活动水平无关,呈现出昼夜差异和季节差异.最后给出了影响PLHR事件探测的可能因素.     

Method for the prediction of the effective dose equivalent to the crew of the International Space Station

This paper describes a methodology for assessing the pre-mission exposure of space crew aboard the International Space Station (ISS) in terms of an effective dose equivalent. In this approach, the PHITS Monte Carlo code was used to assess the particle transport of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR) and trapped radiation for solar maximum and minimum conditions through an aluminum shield thickness. From these predicted spectra, and using fluence-to-dose conversion factors, a scaling ratio of the effective dose equivalent rate to the ICRU ambient dose equivalent rate at a 10 mm depth was determined. Only contributions from secondary neutrons, protons, and alpha particles were considered in this analysis.     

Prediction of shock-layer ultraviolet radiation for hypersonic vehicles in near space

A systemic and validated model was developed to predict ultraviolet spectra features from the shock layer of near-space hypersonic vehicles in the ‘‘solar blind" band region. Computational procedures were performed with 7-species thermal non-equilibrium fluid mechanics, finite rate chemistry, and radiation calculations. The thermal non-equilibrium flow field was calculated with a two-temperature model by the finite volume technique and verified against the bow-shock ultra-violet(BSUV) flight experiments. The absorption coefficient of the mixture gases was evaluated with a line-by-line method and validated through laboratory shock tube measurements. Using the line of sight(LOS) method, radiation was calculated from three BSUV flights at altitudes of 38,53.5 and 71 km. The investigation focused on the level and structure of ultraviolet spectra radiated from a NO band system in wavelengths of 200–400 nm. Results predicted by the current model show qualitative spatial agreement with the measured data. At a velocity of 3.5 km/s(about Mach11), the peak absolute intensity at an altitude of 38 km is two orders of magnitude higher than that at 53.5 km. Under the same flight conditions, the spectra structures have quite a similar distribution at different viewing angles. The present computational model performs well in the prediction of the ultraviolet spectra emitted from the shock layer and will contribute to the investigation and analysis of radiative features of hypersonic vehicles in near space.     

红外增强器辐射特性的测试和实验研究

本文对某靶机拖靶的红外增强器的红外辐射特征进行了实验研究,将红外增强器作为点源目标,对几种不同结构形式,在不同工作状态下,进行了地面现场实验测试。文中简要介绍了所使用的仪器和组合的红外测试系统,着重论述了红外增强器的辐射光谱特征、辐射能随时间和空间的分布情况、在多种工作状态下的表观有效红外辐射强度等红外辐射特征的实验测试方法,并对实验结果进行了分析。 实验表明:所测数据具有较好的重复性,相关参数具有明显的紧密相关性,其结果是可信的,为研制新型红外辐射源,提供了一种可供借鉴的探测系统和探测技术。     

终端短路涂层金属圆波导的电磁散射特性分析

本文用光学法与广义散射矩阵技术相结合的方法,根据波导在入射平面电磁波照射下所激励的波导模式,分析了终端短路金属圆波导的电磁散射特性。在此基础上,假设金属波导内壁涂层厚度τ远小于波导半径a,且波导入口段的涂层厚度从零线性增加至τ,运用微扰法求出终端短路涂层金属圆波导内各波导模的传播常数,从而获得涂层圆波导的电磁散射特性。通过计算机仿真,计算了终端短路涂层金属圆波导的雷达截面(RCS),并与相同条件下内壁无涂层金属圆波导的雷达截面进行比较,结果令人满意。