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121.
K. Stasiewicz 《Space Science Reviews》1993,65(3-4):221-252
This article reviews theories and observations related to effects produced by finite (and large) Larmor radii of charged particles in the magnetosphere. The FLR effects depend on =r
H
/L, wherer
H
is the Larmor radius andL is the spatial scale for field/plasma inhomogeneity. The parameter is a basic expansion parameter for most equations describing plasma dynamics in the magnetosphere. The FLR effects enter naturally the drift approximation for particle motion and represent also non-ideal MHD terms in the fluid formalism. The linear and higher order terms in lead to charge separation, energization of particles, and produce viscosity without collisions. The FLR effects introduce also important corrections to the dispersion relations for MHD waves and drift instabilities. Expansion of plasma into magnetic field leads to filamentation of the plasma boundary and to creation of structures with thickness less than an ion gyroradius. Large Larmor radius effects (1) in curved magnetic field geometry lead to stochastic behaviour of particle trajectories and to deterministic chaos. The tiny scale of the electron and ion gyroradii does not necessarily mean that FLR/LLR phenomena have negligible effect on the macroscopic dynamics and energetics of the whole magnetosphere. On the contrary, the small scale gyro-effects may provide the physical mechanism for gyroviscous coupling between the solar wind and the magnetosphere, the mechanism for triggering disruption of the magnetotail current layer, and the mechanism for parallel electric field that accelerate auroral particles. 相似文献
122.
物流系统各要素之间在目标、产权和运作上存在冲突,这些冲突会影响到物流系统功能的发挥。对此,提出了处理物流系统要素冲突问题的基本原则,即系统思考、区别对待、重点突出、适度控制。并按照霍尔的系统工程的思路构建了处理物流系统要素冲突问题的三维结构框架图,给出了主要冲突的解决思路和方法,如采用一体化和供应链管理的思想来解决效益悖反问题,选择适当的战略联盟伙伴促进物流要素间的能力均衡及信息共享,加快推进物流标准化以解决设备不匹配、票据不统一的问题,旨在加强要素间的协同作用,通过企业、政府、行业协会的共同努力,合理引导冲突,从而促进物流系统的功能跃迁。 相似文献
123.
D.B. Contreira F.S. Rodrigues K. Makita C.G.M. Brum W. Gonzalez N.B. Trivedi M.R. da Silva N.J. Schuch 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2005,36(12):2455-2459
The occurrence of radio signal fading events caused by ionospheric absorption plays an important role in the performance of radio-communication systems. It is necessary to know the magnitude and time-scale of such events in order to specify technical parameters of the communication system to be used. Generally, fading events are associated with solar flares, which are characterized by sudden increase in the solar X-ray flux that causes an increase in the ionization in the lower ionosphere. The abrupt increase of ionization causes the absorption of radio waves propagating in the Earth–ionosphere wave-guide and is reported as radio signal fading events. A simple experiment to monitor the behavior of lower ionosphere has been carried out at the Southern Space Observatory-SSO/INPE (29.43°S, 53.8°W), located in southern Brazil. The experiment is basically a computer controlled radio receiver that records the received signal strength of Amplitude Modulated (AM) radio signals in the HF (High Frequencies) range. We analyzed data of the 6 MHz beacon signal that has been transmitted by a broadcasting radio station located about 400 km from the observation site. In this work we present initial results of daily variation of the received signal strength and fading events associated with solar flares observed in the 6 MHz signal monitored by the experiment during 2001. X-ray solar flux data from the GOES-8 satellite were used to identify X-ray solar bursts associated with solar flares. Based on the one-year data collected by the experiment, a statistical summary of fading occurrences and their correlation with solar flares, as well as the distributions of time-scales and magnitudes of such events are presented. 相似文献
124.
125.
系统论述了原子氧和航天器表面常用聚合物材料反应的微观机理,并从宏观角度对这些材料的性能进行了评估。同时也总结了国外在原子氧防护技术研究方面所取得的最新成果。 相似文献
126.
Jian Feng Yufeng Zhou Yan Zhou Shuaihe Gao Chen Zhou Qiong Tang Yi Liu 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2021,67(1):111-121
By using the data of GNSS (Global Navigation Satellite System) observation from Crustal Movement Observation Network of China (CMONOC), ionospheric electron density (IED) distributions reconstructed by using computerized ionospheric tomography (CIT) technique are used to investigate the ionospheric storm effects over Wuhan region during 17 March and 22 June 2015 geomagnetic storm periods. F-region critical frequency (foF2) at Wuhan ionosonde station shows an obvious decrease during recovery phase of the St. Patrick’s Day geomagnetic storm. Moreover, tomographic results present that the decrease in electron density begins at 12:00 UT on 17 March during the storm main phase. Also, foF2 shows a long-lasting negative storm effect during the recovery phase of the 22 June 2015 geomagnetic storm. Electron density chromatography presents the evident decrease during the storm day in accordance with the ionosonde observation. These ionospheric negative storm effects are probably associated with changes of chemical composition, PPEF and DDEF from high latitudes. 相似文献
127.
128.
主要通过灯丝放电磁场约束型原子氧剥蚀效应地面模拟设备模拟空间环境,对空间常用材料Kapton进行了原子氧剥蚀效应、温度升高对材料原子氧效应的影响试验以及原子氧与紫外辐射复合效应试验,对试验前后试样的外观、质量及表面形貌进行了比较,得出了材料在设备中的反应特点以及温度变化、紫外辐射对材料的原子氧效应的影响规律.同时测量了原子氧暴露试验前后、原子氧与紫外辐射复合作用前后试样的反射率和透射率,并进行了比较. 相似文献
129.
Marlise A. dos Santos Cynthia Bosquillon Thais Russomano Alamelu Sundaresan Felipe Falcão Christopher Marriott Ben Forbes 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2010
Although it has been suggested that microgravity might affect drug absorption in vivo, drug permeability across epithelial barriers has not yet been investigated in vitro during modelled microgravity. Therefore, a cell culture/diffusion chamber was designed specifically to accommodate epithelial cell layers in a 3D-clinostat and allow epithelial permeability to be measured under microgravity conditions in vitro with minimum alteration to established cell culture techniques. Human respiratory epithelial Calu-3 cell layers were used to model the airway epithelium. Cells grown at an air interface in the diffusion chamber from day 1 or day 5 after seeding on 24-well polyester Transwell cell culture inserts developed a similar transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) to cells cultured in conventional cell culture plates. Confluent Calu-3 layers exposed to modelled microgravity in the 3D-clinostat for up to 48 h maintained their high TER. The permeability of the paracellular marker 14C-mannitol was unaffected after a 24 h rotation of the cell layers in the 3D-clinostat, but was increased 2-fold after 48 h of modelled microgravity. It was demonstrated that the culture/diffusion chamber developed is suitable for culturing epithelial cell layers and, when subjected to rotation in the 3D-clinostat, will be a valuable in vitro system in which to study the influence of microgravity on epithelial permeability and drug transport. 相似文献
130.
Ch. Hubaux A.-S. Libert N. Delsate T. Carletti 《Advances in Space Research (includes Cospar's Information Bulletin, Space Research Today)》2013
Solar radiation pressure affects the evolution of high area-to-mass geostationary space debris. In this work, we extend the stability study of Valk et al. (2009) by considering the influence of Earth’s shadows on the short- and long-term time evolutions of space debris. To assess the orbits stability, we use the Mean Exponential Growth factor of Nearby Orbits (MEGNO), which is an efficient numerical tool to distinguish between regular and chaotic behaviors. To reliably compute long-term space debris motion, we resort to the Global Symplectic Integrator (GSI) of Libert et al. (2011) which consists in the symplectic integration of both Hamiltonian equations of motion and variational equations. We show how to efficiently compute the MEGNO indicator in a complete symplectic framework, and we also discuss the choice of a symplectic integrator, since propagators adapted to the structure of the Hamiltonian equations of motion are not necessarily suited for the associated variational equations. The performances of our method are illustrated and validated through the study of the Arnold diffusion problem. We then analyze the effects of Earth’s shadows, using the adapted conical and cylindrical Earth’s shadowing models introduced by Hubaux et al. (2012) as the smooth shadow function deriving from these models can be easily included into the variational equations. Our stability study shows that Earth’s shadows greatly affect the global behaviour of space debris orbits by increasing the size of chaotic regions around the geostationary altitude. We also emphasize the differences in the results given by conical or cylindrical Earth’s shadowing models. Finally, such results are compared with a non-symplectic integration scheme. 相似文献