The Geology of Mercury: The View Prior to the MESSENGER Mission

Mariner 10 and Earth-based observations have revealed Mercury, the innermost of the terrestrial planetary bodies, to be an exciting laboratory for the study of Solar System geological processes. Mercury is characterized by a lunar-like surface, a global magnetic field, and an interior dominated by an iron core having a radius at least three-quarters of the radius of the planet. The 45% of the surface imaged by Mariner 10 reveals some distinctive differences from the Moon, however, with major contractional fault scarps and huge expanses of moderate-albedo Cayley-like smooth plains of uncertain origin. Our current image coverage of Mercury is comparable to that of telescopic photographs of the Earth’s Moon prior to the launch of Sputnik in 1957. We have no photographic images of one-half of the surface, the resolution of the images we do have is generally poor (∼1 km), and as with many lunar telescopic photographs, much of the available surface of Mercury is distorted by foreshortening due to viewing geometry, or poorly suited for geological analysis and impact-crater counting for age determinations because of high-Sun illumination conditions. Currently available topographic information is also very limited. Nonetheless, Mercury is a geological laboratory that represents (1) a planet where the presence of a huge iron core may be due to impact stripping of the crust and upper mantle, or alternatively, where formation of a huge core may have resulted in a residual mantle and crust of potentially unusual composition and structure; (2) a planet with an internal chemical and mechanical structure that provides new insights into planetary thermal history and the relative roles of conduction and convection in planetary heat loss; (3) a one-tectonic-plate planet where constraints on major interior processes can be deduced from the geology of the global tectonic system; (4) a planet where volcanic resurfacing may not have played a significant role in planetary history and internally generated volcanic resurfacing may have ceased at ∼3.8 Ga; (5) a planet where impact craters can be used to disentangle the fundamental roles of gravity and mean impactor velocity in determining impact crater morphology and morphometry; (6) an environment where global impact crater counts can test fundamental concepts of the distribution of impactor populations in space and time; (7) an extreme environment in which highly radar-reflective polar deposits, much more extensive than those on the Moon, can be better understood; (8) an extreme environment in which the basic processes of space weathering can be further deduced; and (9) a potential end-member in terrestrial planetary body geological evolution in which the relationships of internal and surface evolution can be clearly assessed from both a tectonic and volcanic point of view. In the half-century since the launch of Sputnik, more than 30 spacecraft have been sent to the Moon, yet only now is a second spacecraft en route to Mercury. The MESSENGER mission will address key questions about the geologic evolution of Mercury; the depth and breadth of the MESSENGER data will permit the confident reconstruction of the geological history and thermal evolution of Mercury using new imaging, topography, chemistry, mineralogy, gravity, magnetic, and environmental data.     

离子束抛光定位精度分析

从理论上建立了离子束抛光中切向定位误差对加工残差影响的模型,分析发现了该误差对加工残差的影响与面形的梯度有关.特别地分析了定位误差对不同频率成份误差的影响规律,并进行了仿真研究,验证了残差大小与相对定位误差成正比这一结论.同时利用相对定位误差对残差影响理论,评价了KDIBF1600离子束抛光机的设计精度,机床设计精度满...     

快速离子氮化渗氮层相组成和微观组织形貌研究

渗氮件的性能与渗氮层的化合物相组成和扩散层的微观结构密切相关。本文基于渗氮温度和氮势对渗氮层形成与分解的影响规律，借助X射线衍射分析和透射电子显微技术，对循环氮势快速离子氮化渗氮层相组成和微观组织形貌进行了深入研究，探讨了其快速渗氮的机理。结果表明，与常规离子渗氮工艺相比，通过周期地控制渗氮温度和氮势变化，快速离子渗氮不仅能显著地提高渗氮速度和增加材料的渗氮层深，而且使合金氮化物种类明显增多，扩散层中的沉淀硬化物也更细小弥散，有利于改善渗氮层质量和提高渗氮工件性能。     

RTM专用双马来酰亚胺树脂体系流变特性及模拟分析研究

研究了 RTM专用双马来酰亚胺树脂体系的流变特性,并根据树脂不同温度下反应机理的不同,建立其分段粘度模型,粘度模拟结果与实验结果具有良好的一致性。所建立的粘度模型,可有效预测和模拟该树脂体系在不同工艺条件下的粘度行为,揭示了树脂体系的优化工艺参数和低粘度平台工艺窗口,为合理拟订RTM工艺参数和保证产品质量提供了必要的科学依据     

预浸料制备方法影响复合材料湿热稳定性的原因分析

分别用热熔法和溶液法制备 T3 0 0 /540 5预浸料并在相同的工艺条件下制成相应的复合材料层压板。比较 2种复合材料的树脂含量、内部缺陷 (用 C-扫描技术 )、空隙率 (用光学显微镜法 )和纤维 /基体界面粘结(以 [0 2 /90 1 2 /0 2 ]层压板的横向裂纹密度和断口形貌评价 ),发现热熔法复合材料的孔隙率较低和纤维 /基体界面粘结较好是其在水煮条件下稳定性优于溶液法复合材料的主要原因     

工程数值优化方法研究进展

回顾与分析了工程数值优化方法研究的发展历程 ,着重介绍与讨论了优化问题的几种数学列式、近似问题的保真度与近似函数 ,以及复杂优化问题的求解策略等。指出优化问题的对偶列式变式 DFOP-V2与高精度多点近似函数和二级近似概念结合而产生的数值优化解法 ,具有通用性 ,高的计算效率 ,并易于与市场现有分析软件结合使用等显著优点     

INS/GPS/TAN系统中的联邦卡尔曼滤波信息融合方法

在分析联邦卡尔曼滤波原理和结构的基础上,提出了一个适合惯性导航系统／全球定位系统／地形辅助导航（ＩＮＳ／ＧＰＳ／ＴＡＮ）子系统状态向量维数不同这一特点的联邦卡尔曼滤波方法,并构造了一种具有较强容错性能和适应性的联邦卡尔曼子系统滤波器结构。由于采用了局部状态扩展、局部状态压缩、智能的不等间隔滤波、多级故障检测、阈值控制等信息融合技术,在保证精度的前提下,联邦卡尔曼滤波器的可靠性、适应性得到了明显提高。     

MESSENGER and the Chemistry of Mercury’s Surface

The instrument suite on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft is well suited to address several of Mercury’s outstanding geochemical problems. A combination of data from the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) and X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS) instruments will yield the surface abundances of both volatile (K) and refractory (Al, Ca, and Th) elements, which will test the three competing hypotheses for the origin of Mercury’s high bulk metal fraction: aerodynamic drag in the early solar nebula, preferential vaporization of silicates, or giant impact. These same elements, with the addition of Mg, Si, and Fe, will put significant constraints on geochemical processes that have formed the crust and produced any later volcanism. The Neutron Spectrometer sensor on the GRNS instrument will yield estimates of the amount of H in surface materials and may ascertain if the permanently shadowed polar craters have a significant excess of H due to water ice. A comparison of the FeO content of olivine and pyroxene determined by the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) instrument with the total Fe determined through both GRNS and XRS will permit an estimate of the amount of Fe present in other forms, including metal and sulfides.     

基于旋转机械故障诊断模糊神经网络多传感器融合(英文)

目前多传感器融合技术能够有效地提高精度和容错能力 ,所以它广泛应用于目标识别领域中。本文描述了一种基于旋转机械故障诊断多传感器融合系统 ,在数据融合处理中利用模糊神经网络 ,比较了采用基于数据融合实验结果和没有融合的原始数据 ,显然前者比后者更精确。     

大孔阴离子交换树脂的制备和性质

离子交换法是从矿浆中提取金属的主要方法之一.介绍了一种用于从真实氰化矿浆中提取金的带有两种弱碱官能团的新型大孔阴离子交换树脂的合成方法,并研究了交联度和胺化反应条件对树脂提金性能的影响.树脂对金的交换容量为16mg/g干树脂,树脂对金的选择性为1.1.与苏联制造的提金树脂相比,新型大孔阴离子交换树脂具有好的性能和良好应用前景.