基于单频GPS的单点测浪方法的研究

介绍一种用单频单台GPS接收机解算其相对位置变化的算法—PVD算法的基本原理,针对它在海浪测量应用中的特点,提出基于海浪谱估计的自适应PVD算法。实测数据的处理结果表明,用自适应PVD算法解算出的浪高可达厘米级精度。     

Effect of the continental shelf in seasonal oceanographic conditions at the Northern edge of the Eastern Tropical Pacific

The continental shelf in front of Nayarit is located in the northern limit of the tropical Eastern Pacific, characterized by constituting a convergence zone of different masses of water, forming an area of significant hydrographic variability. Based on satellite remote sensing data and reanalysis between 2003 and 2019 of sea surface temperature (SST), wind stress, Ekman velocity, and geostrophic velocity, the contribution of the seasonal cycle to the variability of the study area were analyzed through climatological means, Hovmöhler diagrams, and Empirical Orthogonal Functions. The results show that in the zone in front of Matanchén Bay (21.5 °N) and the adjacent continental shelf, there is a core of warm surface water. The distribution of the SST is explained by the seasonal pattern of meridional/zonal variability in the thermal gradient, where the EOFs show the influence of the annual scale in both modes, with the only difference being that the first describes the meridional gradient as the dominant signal (66.2%), and the second shows the zonal behavior of the thermal gradient (16.6%). The summer weakening of the wind stress and Ekman speed is the product of the irregular shape of the coastline, the extension of the continental shelf, and the divergence of the North American monsoon around 21°N, whereas during the rest of the year an intensification of these parameters prevailed in front of Cabo Corrientes. On the other hand, the intense geostrophic flow in summer does not contribute to the increase in SST on the continental shelf because it diverges around 22.5°N. Likewise, during the winter, the formation of a cyclonic geostrophic gyre located inside the continental shelf, between the coast and the Marías Islands, stands out.     

中法海洋卫星微波散射计在轨性能验证

中法海洋卫星（CFOSAT）微波散射计是国际上第一个旋转扇形波束体制散射计,通过优化雷达观测几何实现对地面目标多角度和多方位的高精度测量,提高海面风场、土壤湿度和海冰面积等地球物理参数的反演精度.根据CFOSAT卫星2018年10月发射以来的在轨测试数据,结合散射计系统特点,分析验证了星上定标数据和后向散射系数反演结果的正确性,并对CFOSAT首批科学数据进行了定量分析和系统评价.结果表明,CFOSAT散射计在轨工作状态良好,实际性能与设计预期一致,风速测量精度优于1.5m·^-1,风向测量精度优于15°,空间分辨率可达12.5km,在近岸风场监测、土壤湿度遥感和海冰面积估计等应用领域具有独特的优势.     

IPIX雷达海尖峰统计特性研究

根据雷达海尖峰构成原理,以K分布为模型,提出了海尖峰的统计特性分析方法,并使用该方法对IPIX雷达实测海杂波数据进行了统计特性分析,分析结果证明了该方法的有效性。     

Chlorophyll,calcite, and suspended sediment concentrations in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea at the river mouths

Chlorophyll and suspended sediment concentrations (SSC) and sea surface temperature (SST) are important parameters in assessing the productivity of coastal regions. Numerous rivers flow into the eastern (Ganga, Subernarekha, Mahanadi, Godavari, Krishna, Penner, and Kaveri) and western (Narmada, Tapti, and Indus) coasts of the Indian sub-continent. Using IRS P4 (Oceansat-1) Ocean Color Monitor (OCM) and Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data, we have retrieved chlorophyll, calcite, and SSC near the mouth of these rivers for the period during 2000–2004. The maxima of chlorophyll-a concentrations at the river mouth is much higher for the Himalayan and north India rivers (Ganga, Subernarekha, Mahanadi, and Indus) (10–14 mg/m³) compared to rivers in the southern parts of India (Kaveri and Penner) (∼4 mg/m³). The maxima of calcite concentration (∼45 moles/m³), chlorophyll (∼14 mg/m³), and sediment concentrations (∼9 g/m³) near river mouth are found to be influenced by river discharges (Ganga and Brahmaputra) during the monsoon season. The calcite concentration (∼45 moles/m³) at the mouth of Ganga river shows a major peak with the onset of monsoon season (June–July) followed by a maxima in chlorophyll-a with a time lag of 1–2 months. The Krishna, Kaveri, and Penner rivers show low chlorophyll concentrations (3–8 mg/m³), high calcite (0–40 moles/m³), and low SSC (<3 g/m³) compared to Narmada and Tapti rivers (chlorophyll-a 12–14 mg/m³, calcite 0–2 moles/m³, and SSC 13–19 g/m³). The Indus river shows similar behavior (maxima of chlorophyll ∼13 mg/m³ and SSC ∼8 g/m³) with respect to Ganga river except for high calcite concentration during winter months (∼25 moles/m³). The characteristics of the chlorophyll, calcite, and SSC at the mouth of these rivers show spatial and temporal variability along the eastern and westerns coasts of India which are found to differ widely. A comparison of the chlorophyll concentrations using OCM and MODIS data shows low chlorophyll concentrations in the Bay of Bengal as compared to the Arabian Sea.     

Multi- GNSS reflectometry performance evaluation for coastal sea level monitoring: A case study in Antarctic Peninsula

Antarctica is a continent that crucial for studying climate change and its progression across time, as well as analyzing and forecasting local and global change. In this environment, due to the challenges caused by sea-level rise, storm surges, and tsunamis, sustainability is a critical concern, particularly for coastal regions. As a result, the long-term observations that will be conducted in Antarctica are critical for monitoring the adverse impacts of climate change. In recent years, many monitoring approaches, both space, and ground-based are performed to monitor sea/ice level trends in space-based scientific investigations conducted in and around the region. In the study, based on one year of observations from the Palmer GNSS Station, the GNSS Reflectometry technique was used to measure the sea level on the Antarctic Peninsula (PALM). GNSS Station observations were analyzed with a Lomb-Scargle periodogram to monitor sea-level changes, and results were validated with data from a co-located tide gauge (TG). The results show that the correlation between GNSS-R sea-level changes and tidal sea-level changes is found as 0.91.     

Merged series of normalized water leaving radiances obtained from multiple satellite missions for the Mediterranean Sea

Merging time series of ocean color-derived products provided by independent satellite missions supports related biogeochemical and environmental applications by combining temporally overlapping data sets and by increasing data coverage. The creation of a merged series of normalized water leaving radiances _LWN$L_{\text{WN}}$, the primary ocean color product, is presented for the Mediterranean Sea using the SeaWiFS and MODIS data records. The merging relies on an optically-based technique that combines the available _LWN$L_{\text{WN}}$ signal in a spectrally consistent way. Validation statistics indicate uncertainties associated with the merged _LWN$L_{\text{WN}}$ decreasing from 23% at 412 nm to 12% in the 500- to 555-nm spectral range. The inter-comparison of the sensor-specific products, conducted at the scale of the basin for daily-to-monthly time scales, indicates an overall consistency. The level of differences varies with the wavelength considered and shows a marked seasonal cycle, with differences that tend to be higher in winter. The merged series is remarkably consistent with the sensor-specific data, with average absolute percent differences lower than 10% for all wavelengths below 555 nm. The benefit of merging in terms of sampling frequency over the basin is also illustrated. A merged series of _LWN$L_{\text{WN}}$ data based on the two considered missions provides valid data over 36% of the basin area on a daily basis.     

太阳活动、黑潮海温年季变化与长江中游旱涝灾害

本文采用太阳１０．７ｃｍ辐射流量（Ｆ１０．７）作为太阳活动指标，根据最近３０多年的太阳活动、西太平洋黑潮区海温和长江中游干支流地区雨量观测数据，分析了三者之间的关系，研究发现长江中游地区旱涝明显地受太阳活动和黑潮海温年季变化的共同控制．可根据某些特征，利用两年之前的太阳１０．７ｃｍ辐射流量和当年春季之前黑潮海温的观测数据，分析判断长江中游当年夏季是否发生旱涝灾害的趋势．     

Deriving a sea surface temperature record suitable for climate change research from the along-track scanning radiometers

We describe the approach to be adopted for a major new initiative to derive a homogeneous record of sea surface temperature for 1991–2007 from the observations of the series of three along-track scanning radiometers (ATSRs). This initiative is called (A)RC: (Advanced) ATSR Re-analysis for Climate. The main objectives are to reduce regional biases in retrieved sea surface temperature (SST) to less than 0.1 K for all global oceans, while creating a very homogenous record that is stable in time to within 0.05 K decade⁻¹, with maximum independence of the record from existing analyses of SST used in climate change research. If these stringent targets are achieved, this record will enable significantly improved estimates of surface temperature trends and variability of sufficient quality to advance questions of climate change attribution, climate sensitivity and historical reconstruction of surface temperature changes. The approach includes development of new, consistent estimators for SST for each of the ATSRs, and detailed analysis of overlap periods. Novel aspects of the approach include generation of multiple versions of the record using alternative channel sets and cloud detection techniques, to assess for the first time the effect of such choices. There will be extensive effort in quality control, validation and analysis of the impact on climate SST data sets. Evidence for the plausibility of the 0.1 K target for systematic error is reviewed, as is the need for alternative cloud screening methods in this context.     

High-performance altimeter Doppler processing for measuring sea level height under varying sea state conditions

This paper describes an innovative method for processing nadir altimeter data acquired in Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) mode, enhancing the system performances over open ocean. Similarly to the current SAR data processing scheme, the so-called LR-RMC (Low Resolution with Range Migration Correction) method, originally designed by Phalippou and Demeester (2011), includes Doppler beam forming, Doppler shift correction and range correction. In LR-RMC, however, an alternative and less complex averaging (stacking) operation is used so that all the Doppler beams produced in a radar cycle (4 bursts of 64 beams for the open-burst Sentinel-3-mode altimeter) are incoherently combined to form a multi-beam echo. In that manner, contrarily to the narrow-band SAR technique, the LR-RMC processing enlarges the effective footprint to average out the effects of surface waves and particularly those from small sub-mesoscale structures (<1 km) that are known to impact SAR-mode performances. On the other hand, the number of averaged beams is as high as in current SAR-mode processing, thus providing a noise reduction at least equally good. The LR-RMC method has the added benefit of reducing the incoherent integration time with respect to the SAR-mode processing (50 ms compared to 2.5 s) limiting possible surface movement effects. By processing one year of Sentinel-3A SRAL SAR-mode data using the LR-RMC method, it is shown that the swell impact on the SAR altimeter performances is totally removed and that an improvement of 10–50% is obtained in the measurement noise of the sea surface height and significant wave height with respect to SAR mode. Additionally, observational capabilities over the middle scales are enhanced potentially allowing the ocean mesoscale features to be retrieved and observations assimilated more usefully in ocean models.