介质带电平衡模式的二次电子发射暂态特性

针对空间微放电效应中介质材料的带电状态对二次电子发射的复杂影响,文章采用数值模拟的方法,首次从带电平衡模式的角度研究了介质材料受电子照射后的二次电子动态发射特性。数值模拟模型结合了蒙特卡罗方法和时域有限差分方法,考虑了弹性和非弹性碰撞的电子散射过程,以及迁移、扩散和捕获等作用的电荷输运过程。通过对带电状态平衡模式的划分,研究了介质二次电子发射及带电状态的暂态变化、微观分布、稳态特性。研究结果表明：介质表面的带电过程可以根据介质表面电流的变化程度分为二次电子平衡模式、泄漏电流平衡模式及共同模式;二次电子平衡模式下样品呈现表面带电状态,而泄漏电流模式下呈现深层带电状态。泄漏电流平衡模式转向二次电子平衡模式过程中,稳态二次电子产额增加,表面负电位增强;总电荷量和平衡时间常数由于平衡模式的改变呈现相反的变化趋势。研究方法和结果有助于介质二次电子的机理研究和微放电效应的工程抑制技术。     

Bottom side profiles for two close stations at the southern crest of the EIA: Differences and comparison with IRI-2012 and NeQuick2 for low and high solar activity

Bottom side electron density profiles for two stations at the southern crest of the Equatorial Ionization Anomaly (EIA), São José dos Campos (23.1°S, 314.5°E, dip latitude 19.8°S; Brazil) and Tucumán (26.9°S, 294.6°E, dip latitude 14.0°S; Argentina), located at similar latitude and separated by only 20° in longitude, have been compared during equinoctial, winter and summer months under low (year 2008, minimum of the solar cycle 23/24) and high solar activity (years 2013–2014, maximum of the solar cycle 24) conditions. An analysis of parameters describing the bottom side part of the electron density profile, namely the peak electron density NmF2, the height hmF2 at which it is reached, the thickness parameter B₀ and the shape parameter B₁, is carried out. Further, a comparison of bottom side profiles and F-layer parameters with the corresponding outputs of IRI-2012 and NeQuick2 models is also reported. The variations of NmF2 at both stations reveal the absence of semi-annual anomaly for low solar activity (LSA), evidencing the anomalous activity of the last solar minimum, while those related to hmF2 show an uplift of the ionosphere for high solar activity (HSA). As expected, the EIA is particularly visible at both stations during equinox for HSA, when its strength is at maximum in the South American sector. Despite the similar latitude of the two stations upon the southern crest of the EIA, the anomaly effect is more pronounced at Tucumán than at São José dos Campos. The differences encountered between these very close stations suggest that in this sector relevant longitudinal-dependent variations could occur, with the longitudinal gradient of the Equatorial Electrojet that plays a key role to explain such differences together with the 5.8° separation in dip latitude between the two ionosondes. Furthermore at Tucumán, the daily peak value of NmF2 around 21:00 LT during equinox for HSA is in temporal coincidence with an impulsive enhancement of hmF2, showing a kind of “elastic rebound” under the action of the EIA. IRI-2012 and NeQuick2 bottom side profiles show significant deviations from ionosonde observations. In particular, both models provide a clear underestimation of the EIA strength at both stations, with more pronounced differences for Tucumán. Large discrepancies are obtained for the parameter hmF2 for HSA during daytime at São José dos Campos, where clear underestimations made by both models are observed. The shape parameter B₀ is quite well described by the IRI-2012 model, with very good agreement in particular during equinox for both stations for both LSA and HSA. On the contrary, the two models show poor agreements with ionosonde data concerning the shape parameter B₁.     

Accuracy of IRI profiles of ionospheric density and temperatures derived from comparisons to Kharkov incoherent scatter radar measurements

The incoherent scatter radar (ISR) facility in Kharkov, Ukraine (49.6°N, 36.3°E) measures vertical profiles of electron density, electron and ion temperature, and ion composition of the ionospheric plasma up to 1100 km altitude. Acquired measurements constitute an accurate ionospheric reference dataset for validation of the variety of models and alternative measurement techniques. We describe preliminary results of comparing the Kharkov ISR profiles to the international reference ionosphere (IRI), an empirical model recognized for its reliable representation of the monthly-median climatology of the density and temperature profiles during quiet-time conditions, with certain extensions to the storm times. We limited our comparison to only quiet geomagnetic conditions during the autumnal equinoxes of 2007 and 2008. Overall, we observe good qualitative agreement between model and data both in time and with altitude. Magnitude-wise, the measured and modeled electron density and plasma temperatures profiles appear different. We discovered that representation accuracy improves significantly when IRI is driven by observed-averaged values of the solar activity index rather than their predictions. This result motivated us to study IRI performance throughout protracted solar minimum of the 24th cycle. The paper summarizes our observations and recommendations for optimal use of the IRI.     

TEC derived from some GPS stations in Nigeria and comparison with the IRI and NeQuick models

Total electron content (TEC) measured simultaneously using Global Positioning System (GPS) ionospheric monitors installed at some locations in Nigeria during the year 2011 (Rz = 55.7) was used to study the diurnal, seasonal, and annual TEC variations. The TEC exhibits daytime maximum, seasonal variation and semiannual variations. Measured TEC were compared with those predicted by the improved versions of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) and NeQuick models. The models followed the diurnal and seasonal variation patterns of the observed values of TEC. However, IRI model produced better estimates of TEC than NeQuick at all locations.     

天宫一号大气密度探测数据与模式的比较分析

利用天宫一号的轨道大气环境探测器在2012年12月7日至2013年1月4日,地磁活动平静下的大气密度探测数据,与NRLMSISE-00和JB2008模式进行比较。与实测数据相比,NRLMSISE4）0模式整体高估11．6％,而JB2008整体低估9．8％。JB2008模式在逐日变化趋势方面与实测结果更吻合,更好地反映了太阳辐射对热层大气的影响;而NRLMSISE-00在平静期间地磁活动影响大气密度的变化特征上,比JB2008更符合实测结果。实测结果显示冬季半球日峰值出现时间比夏季半球早,JB2008与实测相符,NRLMSISE-00则与实测相反。整体而言,在天宫一号轨道高度、地磁平静期,JB2008模式优于NRLMSISE-00模式。     

在轨航天器动力学参数辨识技术研究

针对在轨航天器低频密集和辨识时激励源有限且难于测量等特点,开展了适用于低频密集模态且不需激励信息的在轨航天器动力学参数辨识方法的研究,探讨了直接利用在轨响应数据在频域内辨识航天器动力学参数的技术;并根据在轨航天器低频密集特点,设计了在轨航天器动力学参数辨识仿真试验系统,对该辨识方法进行了试验验证。     

纳秒脉冲电子束冲击强化金属表面的研究

讨论了纳秒强脉冲电子束(功率密度为10⁹W/cm²)辐射金属表面后产生的强化作用.纳秒脉冲电子束瞬间在材料表面局部区域注入巨大能量,使金属表面微区瞬间产生高温高压和冲击作用,并产生骤热急冷过程,使材料表面硬度、耐腐蚀性和其他物化性能发生明显变化.文中讨论了脉冲电子束导致快速熔凝的热传导过程,并分析了从扫描电镜照片观察到的金属急冷过程的显微结构.纳秒强脉冲电子束注入是金属材料表面改性的新手段.     

电子束固化技术及在复合材料制造领域的应用

对辐射固化与光固化进行了比较,阐述了电子束辐射固化的基本过程,并对电子束固化复合材料的技术特点进行了概述.此外,还详细总结了电子束固化复合材料技术的发展状况,包括可电子束固化的树脂体系,辐敏剂以及活性稀释剂的选择和应用,固化机理的研究等.最后,还对复合材料的低能电子束固化技术以及新型树脂体系的探索进行了总结.     

GEO轨道兆瓦级空间太阳能电站接收整流技术研究

依据中国空间太阳能电站建设中远期规划和技术发展水平,预估兆瓦级电站发射天线口径为200 m左右,并根据收发天线口径尺寸的约束关系以与接收天线口径相关的波束收集效率和构建成本之间的矛盾为问题导向,通过研究不同口径的接收天线口面上功率密度分布,分析与之匹配的后端整流电路需求,给出了接收天线口径的优选过程。研究结果表明5 km为较合理的兆瓦级电站接收天线设计建设指标,且在整个接收整流阵列中仅需同一种整流器件,同样整流电路即可实现较高的整流效率,为实现兆瓦级空间太阳能电站（Space solar power satellite,SSPS）的演示验证系统论证提供了技术支撑。最后以此为基础研究了整流电路的设计实现,给出了适用于较低输入功率密度下提高整流效率的技术途径。