载人航天器系统级热试验技术现状与展望

文章首先介绍了载人航天器较之卫星的特殊性,及其对热试验的需求,然后着重评述了国外载人航天器（包括空间站和载人飞船）和我国载人航天器的热试验技术发展和现状,展望了后续我国载人航天器尤其是大型空间站的热试验技术的发展方向,并提出建议。     

军用运输机运输效能指标

给出了运输任务类型和运输效能定义,从效果与耗费两方面着手建立了运输效能指标体系,将运输效能归纳为安全性、质量或体积、距离、准确性、时间、场地、人员、设备及费用等9种因素,在确立各个因素运输效能单项指标的基础上提出了一种运输效能综合指标,以四种典型运输任务为例,建立了常用的运输效能指标。     

载人航天器热控分系统噪声控制

随着载人航天器越来越复杂,热控分系统所用到的高速旋转设备越来越多,所产生的噪声将影响航天员的身体健康,因此载人航天器的噪声控制非常迫切。文章通过热控分系统的布局设计以及单机设备的降噪优化等措施,找到了有效降低整个载人航天器热控分系统噪声水平的方法,可供类似的载人航天项目的热控设计参考。     

Seasonal patterns of condensation and sublimation cycles in the cryptic and non-cryptic regions of the South Pole

The South Pole of Mars is characterized by an asymmetric residual ice cap composed of water ice and CO₂ ice. On the opposite side of the residual cap, there exists an area called cryptic region which is relatively free of ice during summer time. Many fan-shaped km-scale structures apparently caused by a wind-blown system of dust-laden gas jets occurred dozens degrees of Ls before the complete sublimation of the CO₂ frost layer. We have examined the seasonal cycles of condensation and sublimation in the cryptic and non-cryptic regions by using the topographic data from the MOLA/MGS measurements. Using the MOLA topography data collected over one Martian year (1999–2001), we have studied the temporal elevation change and the seasonal cycle of the carbon dioxide frost on the southern polar caps. We have produced mapping of the seasonal CO₂ frost thickness variation for seven Ls (30°, 60°, 90°, 120°, 150°, 180°, 210°, 240°, 270° and 330°). It is found that the time variations of the CO₂ frost thickness in these two regions are quite similar. The greatest thickness of the CO₂ frost layer is about 0.76–0.78 m in both places occurs at Ls = 150°.     

Laboratory calibration measurements of a piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate cosmic dust detector at low velocities

A cosmic dust monitor for use onboard a spacecraft is currently being developed using a piezoelectric lead zirconate titanate element (PZT). Its characteristics of the PZT sensor is studied by ground-based laboratory impact experiments using hypervelocity particles supplied by a Van de Graaff accelerator. The output signals obtained from the sensor just after the impact appeared to have a waveform that was explicitly related to the particle’s impact velocity. For velocities less than ∼6 km/s, the signal showed an oscillation pattern and the amplitude was proportional to the momentum of the impacting particle. For higher velocities, the signal gradually changed to a single waveform. The rise time of this single waveform was proportional to the particle’s velocity for velocities above ∼6 km/s. The present paper reports on results for the low velocity case and especially discusses the effect of an outer coating of the sensor with a paint, which is used to reduce heating by solar radiation.     

基于能量法的超声速飞航导弹/冲压发动机一体化研究

参考飞机/发动机一体化设计的思路,建立了基于能量法的超声速飞航导弹/冲压发动机一体化设计的约束分析和任务分析模型.简述了超声速飞航导弹任务剖面、约束条件的给定、导弹的质量组成以及冲压发动机安装模型.利用高超声速飞行器的升阻特性,对超声速飞航导弹的升阻特性进行了预测.分析了冲压发动机性能、导弹升阻比对导弹发射总重的影响.约束分析和任务分析的计算结果表明,所建立的一体化约束分析与任务分析模型是合理可行的.     

空间机械臂技术综述及展望

介绍了国外空间机械臂在轨技术验证与工程应用的概况,从任务类型、构型配置、末端执行器与操作方式方面分析了空间机械臂技术的发展趋势。综述了空间机械臂的任务规划、系统控制、路径规划、视觉感知、末端执行器、遥操作控制及地面试验验证7项关键技术。介绍了中国试验七号与天宫二号空间机械臂在轨验证情况,重点介绍了正在研制的中国空间站机械臂基本方案。最后,总结了目前空间机械臂技术存在的问题,并对中国未来空间机械臂技术发展提出了建议。     

Novel closed-loop approaches for precise relative navigation of widely separated GPS receivers in LEO

This paper deals with the relative navigation of a formation of two spacecrafts separated by hundreds of kilometers based on processing dual-frequency differential carrier-phase GPS measurements. Specific requirements of the considered application are high relative positioning accuracy and real-time on board implementation. These can be conflicting requirements. Indeed, if on one hand high accuracy can be achieved by exploiting the integer nature of double-difference carrier-phase ambiguities, on the other hand the presence of large ephemeris errors and differential ionospheric delays makes the integer ambiguities determination challenging. Closed-loop schemes, which update the relative position estimates of a dynamic filter with feedback from integer ambiguities fixing algorithms, are customarily employed in these cases. This paper further elaborates such approaches, proposing novel closed loop techniques aimed at overcoming some of the limitations of traditional algorithms. They extend techniques developed for spaceborne long baseline relative positioning by making use of an on-the-fly ambiguity resolution technique especially developed for the applications of interest. Such techniques blend together ionospheric delay compensation techniques, nonlinear models of relative spacecraft dynamics, and partial integer validation techniques. The approaches are validated using flight data from the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) mission. Performance is compared to that of the traditional closed-loop scheme analyzing the capability of each scheme to maximize the percentage of correctly fixed integer ambiguities as well as the relative positioning accuracy. Results show that the proposed approach substantially improves performance of the traditional approaches. More specifically, centimeter-level root-mean square relative positioning is feasible for spacecraft separations of more than 260 km, and an integer ambiguity fixing performance as high as 98% is achieved in a 1-day long dataset. Results also show that approaches exploiting ionospheric delay models are more robust and precise of approaches relying on ionospheric-delay removal techniques.     

载人航天器密封舱内管路设备维修设计与验证

载人航天器密封舱内配置大量的气、液管路设备,实现管路设备的在轨维修,对于提高长期在轨飞行载人航天器的安全性及使用寿命具有重要意义。文章对某载人航天器再生生保管路设备在轨维修性进行了设计,经地面充分验证后,航天员在轨完成了管路设备维修操作,结果表明本文提出的管路设备在轨维修设计正确、有效,可为载人航天器其他在轨维修设计提供参考。     

失重对人体外周血管及心脏影响的研究进展

失重对人体心血管系统有着非常重要的影响。文章从人体心血管系统的外周血管与心脏两个方面出发,回顾了近年来大量有关失重（长期失重以及模拟失重）对人体心血管系统影响的研究、分析评述了一系列有意义的结论,最后展望了几个潜在的研究方向。