翻转课堂融入线上教学的应用探索——以“Photoshop图像处理”课程为例

在新的教学环境下,开展翻转课堂教学面临着巨大的挑战。结合教学实践,分析实施翻转课堂教学存在的问题,在教学设计、教学形式和教学评价等方面提出相应的对策。大部分学生对翻转课堂内容及形式总体满意,但课程设计方面存在一些不足,需在教学实践中不断完善。     

Global Response of Martian Plasma Environment to an Interplanetary Structure: From Ena and Plasma Observations at Mars

As a part of the global plasma environment study of Mars and its response to the solar wind, we have analyzed a peculiar case of the subsolar energetic neutral atom (ENA) jet observed on June 7, 2004 by the Neutral Particle Detector (NPD) on board the Mars Express satellite. The “subsolar ENA jet” is generated by the interaction between the solar wind and the Martian exosphere, and is one of the most intense sources of ENA flux observed in the vicinity of Mars. On June 7, 2004 (orbit 485 of Mars Express), the NPD observed a very intense subsolar ENA jet, which then abruptly decreased within ∼10 sec followed by quasi-periodic (∼1 min) flux variations. Simultaneously, the plasma sensors detected a solar wind structure, which was most likely an interplanetary shock surface. The abrupt decrease of the ENA flux and the quasi-periodic flux variations can be understood in the framework of the global response of the Martian plasma obstacle to the interplanetary shock. The generation region of the subsolar ENA jet was pushed towards the planet by the interplanetary shock; and therefore, Mars Express went out of the ENA jet region. Associated global vibrations of the Martian plasma obstacle may have been the cause of the quasi-periodic flux variations of the ENA flux at the spacecraft location.     

离子推力器多模式化研究

为了实现离子推力器多模式化,分析了离子推力器功率宽范围调节限制因素,提出了两种宽范围调节策略;针对我国小行星探测任务,完成了30cm多模式离子推力器研制、功率宽范围调节限制条件确定、以及两种调节策略下多模式工作点设计及对比研究。结果显示,通过降低放电室磁场强度可延伸离子推力器最小稳定工作功率,提高束流均匀性,实现离子推力器更宽功率范围多工作点设计;功率宽范围调节主要是屏栅电压和束电流的宽范围调节,二者通过栅极导流系数限制和交叉限制而约束;推力随功率增加呈线性增加关系,比冲随功率的增加总体上呈先快速增加后趋于稳定的趋势;30cm多模式离子推力器在0.25kW～5kW内稳定工作,推力10mN～186mN,比冲1522s～3586s。     

自适应增量 Kalman 滤波方法

提出自适应增量Kalman滤波(AIKF)的概念和定义,建立自适应增量Kalman滤波模型及其分析方法,给出主要的计算步骤.传统自适应Kalman滤波(AKF)方法能够对事先未知的系统噪声和量测噪声的统计量进行有效的估计.但是,传统自适应Kalman滤波方法也无法对由于环境因素(如深空探测)的影响、测量设备的不稳定性等原因产生的未知时变测量系统误差进行补偿和校正,从而产生较大的滤波误差,甚至导致发散.提出的自适应增量Kalman滤波方法不但能够对系统噪声和量测噪声的统计量进行估计,而且还能成功消除这种测量系统误差,有效地提高滤波精度.该方法计算简单,便于工程应用.      

我国深空探测领域防热材料的进展与需求

我国深空探测任务的不断发展对航天器的防热技术提出了更高的要求,而先进的防热材料是防热技术发展的重要支撑。本文主要针对月球探测返回任务和火星探测任务,重点介绍了我国在防热材料领域所取得的研究进展,并对未来以火星与小天体探测返回、火星大气制动、以及近日探测为代表的深空探测任务中防热材料的发展和需求进行了展望。     

基于地外天体起飞的真空羽流导流技术仿真与试验研究

针对着航天器发动机羽流导流问题,基于工程经验提出了四种典型导流装置型面(包含内凹槽形式和导流锥形式等),利用计算流体动力学/直接模拟蒙特卡罗(CFD/DSMC)耦合方法,对起飞过程中羽流导流带来的气动力和气动热效应进行了数值模拟,并对不同导流装置情况下羽流场激波、航天器表面压强和热流密度分布规律进行了分析,给出了四种导流装置的导流效果评价。最后以导流锥形式开展试验,对仿真算法进行了验证。结果表明：羽流导流并没有导致发动机燃烧不稳定;综合考虑航天器羽流和发动机安全性,大导流锥导流的方案最优;在导流锥附近的激波位置及形态和仿真一致,仿真与试验的变化趋势一致,仿真算法可信,数据规律可以作为工程参考。     

中俄联合火星电离层星-星掩星探测

中俄联合火星星-星掩星探测是人类首次在火星空间环境进行此类的联合试验。用于探测火星电离层的星-星掩星技术较以前星地间的探测技术相比,有可接收高信噪比信号,反演精度高,可探测火星上太阳天顶角大于43°,或者小于138°的区域电离层等优点。本文介绍了中俄联合火星星-星掩星探测方案、基本原理,给出了主要技术指标、地面模拟测试结果。     

Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS) – A martian Moons orbiter and Phobos lander

We describe a Mars ‘Micro Mission’ for detailed study of the martian satellites Phobos and Deimos. The mission involves two ∼330 kg spacecraft equipped with solar electric propulsion to reach Mars orbit. The two spacecraft are stacked for launch: an orbiter for remote investigation of the moons and in situ studies of their environment in Mars orbit, and another carrying a lander for in situ measurements on the surface of Phobos (or alternatively Deimos). Phobos and Deimos remain only partially studied, and Deimos less well than Phobos. Mars has almost always been the primary mission objective, while the more dedicated Phobos project (1988–89) failed to realise its full potential. Many questions remain concerning the moons’ origins, evolution, physical nature and composition. Current missions, such as Mars Express, are extending our knowledge of Phobos in some areas but largely neglect Deimos. The objectives of M-PADS focus on: origins and evolution, interactions with Mars, volatiles and interiors, surface features, and differences. The consequent measurement requirements imply both landed and remote sensing payloads. M-PADS is expected to accommodate a 60 kg orbital payload and a 16 kg lander payload. M-PADS resulted from a BNSC-funded study carried out in 2003 to define candidate Mars Micro Mission concepts for ESA’s Aurora programme.     

火星探测器减速着陆技术特点

针对火星上的稀薄大气环境和火星探测器的着陆要求,对火星探测器减速着陆技术进行了系统的分析,探讨了火星探测器减速着陆系统、气动外形、降落伞和着陆缓冲等相关环节的技术特点,为未来火星探测器减速着陆系统的设计提供参考。