火星尘埃对太阳电池阵的影响与电帘除尘研究

火星表面大量尘埃在太阳电池阵表面的累积将会导致其输出功率下降,甚至使太阳电池阵功能失效。近年来,电帘除尘方法被认为是在火星着陆任务中进行尘埃防护最有效的手段之一。本文开展了火星尘埃累积对三结砷化镓太阳电池性能影响的实验研究,得到了火星尘埃累积量与太阳电池电压、电流和相对输出功率数值模型;通过除尘技术分析,确定电帘除尘装置构型;依据制备得到的除尘电帘,对不同火星尘埃累积下电帘的除尘效率进行了研究,为火星着陆太阳电池阵遥测数据分析和开发自适应除尘太阳电池阵提供有力的技术支持。     

An innovative high accuracy autonomous navigation method for the Mars rovers

Autonomous navigation is an important function for a Mars rover to fulfill missions successfully. It is a critical technique to overcome the limitations of ground tracking and control traditionally used. This paper proposes an innovative method based on SINS (Strapdown Inertial Navigation System) with the aid of star sensors to accurately determine the rover?s position and attitude. This method consists of two parts: the initial alignment and navigation. The alignment consists of a coarse position and attitude initial alignment approach and fine initial alignment approach. The coarse one is used to determine approximate position and attitude for the rover. This is followed by fine alignment to tune the approximate solution to accurate one. Upon the completion of initial alignment, the system can be used to provide real-time navigation solutions for the rover. An autonomous navigation algorithm is proposed to estimate and compensate the accumulated errors of SINS in real time. High accuracy attitude information from star sensor is used to correct errors in SINS. Simulation results demonstrate that the proposed methods can achieve a high precision autonomous navigation for Mars rovers.     

A Delphi-Based Framework for systems architecting of in-orbit exploration infrastructure for human exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit

The current debate in the U.S. Human Spaceflight Program focuses on the development of the next generation of man-rated heavy lift launch vehicles. While launch vehicle systems are of critical importance for future exploration, a comprehensive analysis of the entire exploration infrastructure is required to avoid costly pitfalls at early stages of the design process. This paper addresses this need by presenting a Delphi-Based Systems Architecting Framework for integrated architectural analysis of future in-orbit infrastructure for human space exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit. The paper is structured in two parts.     

火星精确着陆制导问题分析与展望

美国火星科学实验室(MSL)任务成功将“好奇”号火星车着陆到火星表面,开创了火星精确着陆探测的新局面。以MSL着陆任务为典型代表,分析了目前火星着陆探测进入、下降和着陆（Entry, Descent and Landing, EDL）过程的制导方案及制导系统的发展趋势。以在火星高海拔、复杂地形区域定点着陆为潜在工程目标,归纳了火星EDL过程面临的制导主要问题。根据未来制导系统自主性和自适应性的技术需求及潜在工程任务制导面临的问题,提出了火星EDL制导方面需要解决的关键技术,并对其在未来工程中的应用潜力进行了展望。     

保护映射理论在火星无人机鲁棒自适应控制的应用

针对具有模型不确定性特点的火星无人机控制问题,本文基于保护映射理论提出一种飞行控制的鲁棒自适应调参数方法,通过建立控制系统未知参数与闭环系统极点间的约束关系,在飞行高度和速度变化的情况下,利用对系统极点的配置,保证火星无人机的稳定飞行要求。此外,设计过程中控制器结构固定,只需给定一个初始增益,即可实现系统的鲁棒自适应调参。仿真研究表明获取的增益能使控制作用满足火星无人机在高度和速度变化情况下的稳定飞行要求。     

γ源辐射角度对光子高度计性能的影响分析

为了研究分析月球环境下γ光子高度计源辐射角度对其性能的影响,文章建立了月球着陆器简化模型,利用基于蒙特卡罗方法的粒子输运程序（MCNP）软件仿真计算了接收处理器捕获的光子计数随γ源辐射角度的变化规律。仿真结果表明：辐射角度小于一定值时,光子计数随着辐射角度的增大近似呈线性增长;当γ源辐射角度增大到一定值时,光子计数基本不再有变化。文章的分析方法和结果可以为合理确定γ光子高度计源辐射角度提供设计参考。     

火星进入段纵向脱敏局限性分析与三自由度脱敏设计

针对火星进入段制导存在的“进入状态偏差”问题进行脱敏轨迹设计研究,以增强制导鲁棒特性,提升末端状态精度。首先分析倾侧角反转逻辑对弱机动能力航天器制导精度的影响,结果表明, 存在倾侧角调整性能约束时,反转逻辑会引起末端状态偏差并使系统对进入状态偏差敏感度上升,当制导采用现有纵向脱敏方法时其影响尤为突出,会导致严重失效问题;然后在解决敏感度传播奇异问题的基础上提出三自由度脱敏设计。其主要思路是轨迹优化中采用三自由度动力学方程,而敏感度罚项仍由纵向敏感度传播方程得出。蒙特卡洛仿真结果表明本文方法对进入状态偏差具有显著增强的鲁棒性能。     

火星稀薄大气参数对进入器气动特性的影响

针对火星稀薄大气环境的不确定性对进入器气动特性的影响问题,先以海盗号火星进入器的飞行试验数据对发展的三维并行直接模拟蒙特卡罗(DSMC)仿真软件进行了算例校验,再以火星科学实验室外形为例,计算气体组分、密度、温度及速度等来流参数的不确定性对进入器气动特性的影响偏差,定性定量给出火星高空稀薄环境下大气不确定性所带来的气动力特性规律。研究结果表明,通过与海盗号飞行实验数据的对比校验了所建立方法的正确性与可靠性;CO2大气环境对进入器气动特性的影响较大,利用空气稀薄环境中的计算及实验结果亦需进行CO2效应修正,这一点与连续流区的结论一致;来流密度及速度的不确定性对气动力、力矩特性均有影响,而来流温度影响的最大偏差小于0.5%;纵向压心对来流密度、温度及速度的扰动均不敏感。     

火星探测任务对环境模拟技术的需求展望

火星探测是深空探测的重点领域,任务特点决定了火星探测器发射前必须在地面进行各种验证试验。随着火星探测任务的持续深入开展将对环境模拟技术提出新的需求。文章在回顾了人类火星探测的历程之后,展望了未来火星探测任务的可能形式,分析了各种环境的地面模拟方法、试验技术所遇到的新挑战,并给出了建议。     

Optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation for Mars orbiter

In this paper, we address the issue of the integrated navigation algorithm with different combination of measurements for Mars orbiter. First, system dynamic model and navigation measurement models using optical measurement information, radio measurement information and X-ray pulsars measurement information are respectively established. Second, optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation algorithm is proposed, and observability analysis of the integrated navigation system is also conducted. Third, adaptive extended Kalman filter is adopted to fuse measurement information and suppress measurement and process noise to optimally estimate the state of Mars orbiter. Monte Carlo simulation results show that optical/radio/pulsars integrated navigation can effectively improve the navigation accuracy and satisfy the navigation requirements of Mars orbiter.