行星着陆自主导航与制导控制研究现状与趋势

行星着陆自主导航与制导控制技术是行星着陆过程的核心技术之一,关系到行星着陆任务的成败。本文基于未来火星和小天体着陆对自主导航与制导控制技术的发展需求,阐述了进一步开展自主导航与制导控制研究的必要性,围绕行星着陆过程环境特点,分析了自主导航与制导控制技术所遇到的挑战,随后概括了行星着陆自主导航与制导控制所涉及的关键技术,并综述了关键技术的研究现状。最后对我国未来行星着陆探测自主导航与制导控制技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

集成火星进入弹道的开伞过程动力学特性研究

针对火星探测任务设计阶段的需求,提出集成再入弹道、开伞过程仿真一体化设计方法。首先,利用质点动力学模型,计算质点弹道,进行探测器进入过程的飞行轨迹仿真,获得开伞初始状态。其次,基于任意拉格朗日-欧拉（ALE）方法,建立开伞过程的流固耦合（FSI）动力学模型,进行典型工况开伞过程数值模拟,分析开伞动压和马赫数对降落伞充气过程的影响。数值模拟开伞过程伞衣几何外形变化和降落伞的流固耦合动力学行为,得到开伞过载变化曲线、伞衣阻力面积变化等典型特征参数。计算结果表明,降落伞开伞动力学的数值仿真方法为火星再入、减速和着陆（EDL）过程的概念设计提供了一定的参考依据。     

火星进入段自主导航技术研究现状与展望

基于国际上成功着陆的火星探测任务和未来火星着陆探测技术的发展需求,阐述了火星进入段自主导航的必要性。首先总结了火星进入段自主导航技术的研究现状与发展趋势,随后分析了火星进入段自主导航的特点以及所面临的挑战,并概括了火星进入段自主导航所涉及的关键技术。最后对我国未来火星探测任务进入段的自主导航技术发展方向进行了展望。     

星表移动探测机器人研究现状综述

星表移动探测机器人是多学科、高新技术的结晶,用于非结构化环境中的星球表面探测,能有效减轻人类工作强度、保护人身安全以及代替人类完成恶劣环境下的科研探测工作,有着巨大的经济和社会效益。本文对已发射的探测器进行了统计,系统梳理了成功着陆月球、火星的探测机器人的技术参数、结构与机构组成等,综合对比了各国在星表移动探测机器人研制方面的技术状态。结合国内外的研究现状和成果,重点针对星表移动探测机器人移动系统的研究进行了梳理,将星表移动探测机器人从运动形式上划分为轮式、腿式、履带式及其他类型4种形式,对每类机器人的研究进展、技术参数、结构与机构形式、运动形态等进行了系统回顾和详细分析。结合星表移动探测机器人面临的探测任务及发展方向,对星表移动探测机器人未来发展趋势进行了展望。     

Advances in the Researches of the Middle and Upper Atmosphere in China in 2012–2014

In this report we summarize the research results by Chinese scientists in 2012–2014. The focuses are placed on the researches of the middle and upper atmosphere, specifically the researches related to ground-based observation capability development, dynamical processes, the property of circulation and chemistry-climate coupling of the middle atmospheric layers.     

一种火星多模式组合探测任务设想

针对火星探测科学发现及任务创新需求,探索更先进的探测模式,提出了一种火星多模式组合探测任务设想。该任务设想的特点在于结合了轨道环绕、表面着陆、多点穿透和浮空探测,获取立体多层多源信息,一次任务实现深度科学探测。对火星开展多模式组合探测,不仅会开拓更加具有优势的火星探测新方式,发展新的探测能力和技术,也会加深对火星的全面了解,提高探测活动的综合效果。多模式探测设想不仅适用于火星,对金星、土星等地外天体探测也有很好的支撑作用。     

基于约束预测控制的火星大气进入轨迹跟踪

针对火星着陆任务大气进入段的轨迹跟踪控制问题,给出了一种基于约束预测控制的跟踪策略。综合考虑大气进入段动力学模型的非线性、状态初值的不确定性、控制量限幅约束以及参数摄动,设计了基于线性化阶跃响应预测模型、反馈校正和含约束滚动优化的约束预测控制器,并通过数学仿真对该方法进行了数值验证,结果表明:约束预测控制较PID对参考指令跟踪精度更高,开伞点误差圆半径远小于PID方法;能得到控制量限幅约束条件下平稳的控制曲线。     

Design and testing of a roto-translational shutter mechanism for planetary operation

This work describes the design and testing of a shutter mechanism for a miniaturized infrared spectrometer developed for the ESA ExoMars Pasteur mission. Unlike most usual cover mechanisms, the conceived one provides a roto-translational motion. This feature allows the sealing of the interferometer main entrance window from dust contamination, in addition to the usual function of shuttering the instrument field of view. Although this characteristic is strongly desired because it avoids dust deposition and optics contamination while the instrument is not operating, it makes the mechanism design significantly more complex. Moreover, challenging design constraints were faced: the mass budget allowed for no more than 30 g allocation, the expected working thermal range extended down to −80 °C and high vibration levels with an acceleration peak of 670 m/s² were predicted during Mars landing. To complete the picture, the mechanism cover was required to provide also a calibration target for the 2–25 μm spectral range of the spectrometer. The resulting system is made by a calibrating/shutter cover moved by a purposely designed out of plane cams system which provides the desired motion. A mechanism mockup was assembled and successfully tested in the predicted thermal and mechanical environments.     

气体参数对气囊缓冲特性的影响分析

缓冲气囊具有系统简单、质量轻、贮存体积小等优点,在航天器的返回回收与探测器的着陆缓冲中有较广泛的应用。美国的＂探路者＂、＂机遇号＂和＂勇气号＂火星探测器都采用了缓冲气囊系统作为其着陆缓冲装置。文章通过流体力学和热力学的理论推导,提出了可能会对气囊的着陆缓冲过程产生影响的气体参数,通过MSC Dytran软件仿真计算了不同气体参数下球形火星着陆缓冲气囊的缓冲过程,并分析了各参数对气囊缓冲特性的影响。研究结果可以为后续的气囊设计及试验提供帮助,并为中国下一步开展火星着陆探测任务提供一定的参考。     

Novel orbits of Mercury,Venus and Mars enabled using low-thrust propulsion

Exploration of the inner planets of the Solar System is vital to significantly enhance the understanding of the formulation of the Earth and other planets. This paper therefore considers the development of novel orbits of Mars, Mercury and Venus to enhance the opportunities for remote sensing of these planets. Continuous acceleration is used to extend the critical inclination of highly elliptical orbits at each planet and is shown to require modest thrust magnitudes. This paper also presents the extension of existing sun-synchronous orbits around Mars. However, unlike Earth and Mars, natural sun-synchronous orbits do not exist at Mercury or Venus. This research therefore also uses continuous acceleration to enable circular and elliptical sun-synchronous orbits, by ensuring that the orbit's nodal precession rate matches the planets mean orbital rate around the Sun, such that the lighting along the ground-track remains approximately constant over the mission duration. This property is useful both in terms of spacecraft design, due to the constant thermal conditions, and for comparison of images. Considerably high thrust levels are however required to enable these orbits, which are prohibitively high for orbits with inclinations around 90°. These orbits therefore require some development in electric propulsion systems before becoming feasible.