Clipper返回舱气动布局优化方法研究

俄罗斯联邦空间局提出的Clipper飞船返回舱采用升力再入方式，结合了飞船和航天飞机的特点，升阻比高、机动性强、稳定性好、过载低、空间大，而且可以部分重复使用，是未来低成本天地往返运输系统可能的发展方向。采用基于牛顿理论的气动力工程方法对气动特性进行预测，建立了考虑高超声速升阻比和效用容积时的多目标气动布局优化模型，利用多目标遗传算法进行了优化计算，获得了约束条件下的Pareto最优解集。     

火箭发动机七机并联机架预应力模态分析及优化

针对新一代载人运载火箭七台火箭发动机并联机架在大推力作用下的非线性振动问题,开展了七机并联传力机架的预应力模态分析及优化设计方法研究。以该研究为基础,发展了一种预应力条件下机架材料等效替换方法。在不改变结构传力路径的情况下,通过结构预应力频率优化设计,能够有效降低机架材料物性参数改变所带来的低阶预应力频率误差,以此降低传力机架在动静联合试验时的试验成本。针对七机并联机架结构开展了钛合金和不锈钢材料等效替换,结果表明优化后的不锈钢机架相比原始的钛合金机架,刚度和动力学特性变化维持在合理变化范围之内,验证了该方法的有效性。     

MESSENGER and the Chemistry of Mercury’s Surface

The instrument suite on the MErcury Surface, Space ENvironment, GEochemistry, and Ranging (MESSENGER) spacecraft is well suited to address several of Mercury’s outstanding geochemical problems. A combination of data from the Gamma-Ray and Neutron Spectrometer (GRNS) and X-Ray Spectrometer (XRS) instruments will yield the surface abundances of both volatile (K) and refractory (Al, Ca, and Th) elements, which will test the three competing hypotheses for the origin of Mercury’s high bulk metal fraction: aerodynamic drag in the early solar nebula, preferential vaporization of silicates, or giant impact. These same elements, with the addition of Mg, Si, and Fe, will put significant constraints on geochemical processes that have formed the crust and produced any later volcanism. The Neutron Spectrometer sensor on the GRNS instrument will yield estimates of the amount of H in surface materials and may ascertain if the permanently shadowed polar craters have a significant excess of H due to water ice. A comparison of the FeO content of olivine and pyroxene determined by the Mercury Atmospheric and Surface Composition Spectrometer (MASCS) instrument with the total Fe determined through both GRNS and XRS will permit an estimate of the amount of Fe present in other forms, including metal and sulfides.     

Better ways of getting into the space business: microeconomic reform in Australian space affairs

This personal view of trends in global space enterprise suggests that, unless they adapt and re-structure, large-scale national and regional space agencies built on traditional lines may struggle to survive, at least in the developed world. With the growing maturity of speculative private sector space initiatives, the role of traditional space agencies as project managers and mediators between providers and the market may become redundant, while in the absence of a cogent national security argument, public interest in space is no longer to be relied upon to deliver large national space budgets. Australia’s newest space mission, the FedSat scientific microsatellite, was announced at the same time as the former national space program was terminated. This process and its consequences are examined as an instance of microeconomic reform, which seeks to improve productivity and competitiveness by producing a regulatory and infrastructure environment that gives business more flexibility. Historical circumstances unique to Australia may have contributed to this change of direction, but many contributing elements also apply elsewhere. The features of the new approach are identification of public sector space needs; selecting the most suitable team from both public and private sectors to manage the project; and the acceptance of a large proportion of the risk by the proponents.     

选择中国载人航天发展目标的讨论

回顾人类载人航天 40余年的历程 ,出现过一些弯路 ,究其原因是多方面的 ,但主要的是如何合理选择各自的发展目标。发展载人航天的目标大致可有6项 :开发利用空间微重力环境物质资源 ,开发利用空间轨道能源资源 ,开发利用月球能源资源 ,发展天基航天利用空间位置资源 ,在月球上扩大人类生存空间 ,在火星上扩大人类生存空间。文章系统分析了国际上现有载人航天工程的经验和教训 ,认为结合中国的具体实际 ,中国载人航天发展的目标应重点考虑开发利用空间微重力环境物质资源和发展天基航天。     

载人飞船主动流体循环回路离心泵可靠性试验研究

文章通过对泵组件可靠性指标的分析 ,根据泵空间飞行的实际情况 ,进行了可靠性试验方法分析 ,描述了可靠性试验系统与试验结果 ,得出了飞船离心泵组件满足可靠性指标达到 0 999的结论。     

Optimal motion cueing algorithm for accelerating phase of manned spacecraft in human centrifuge

This paper presents a novel optimal Motion Cueing Algorithm (MCA) to control the rotations of a Human Centrifuge (HC) and achieve the best simulation of a SpaceCraft (SC) motion. Relations of the specific forces sensed by astronauts of the SC and the HC have been derived and linearized. A Linear Quadratic Regulator (LQR) controller is implemented for the problem which tends to minimize the error between the two sensed specific forces as well as control input in a cost function. It results in control inputs of the HC to generate its sensed specific force as close as possible to the one in the SC. The algorithm is implemented for both linearized and nonlinear portions of a US space shuttle mission trajectory as a verification using MATLAB. In longitudinal direction, the proposed MCA, works well when the acceleration is less than 2g in which the tracking error does not exceed 12%. In lateral direction the tracking is much better even in nonlinear region since the error remains less than 7% for tilting up to 50°. Finally, the effect of weight matrixes in the LQR cost function on overall weight and power of the HC motion system is discussed.     

Planetary penetrators: Their origins,history and future

Penetrators, which emplace scientific instrumentation by high-speed impact into a planetary surface, have been advocated as an alternative to soft-landers for some four decades. However, such vehicles have yet to fly successfully. This paper reviews in detail, the origins of penetrators in the military arena, and the various planetary penetrator mission concepts that have been proposed, built and flown. From the very limited data available, penetrator developments alone (without delivery to the planet) have required ∼$30M: extensive analytical instrumentation may easily double this. Because the success of emplacement and operation depends inevitably on uncontrollable aspects of the target environment, unattractive failure probabilities for individual vehicles must be tolerated that are higher than the typical ‘3-sigma’ (99.5%) values typical for spacecraft. The two pathways to programmatic success, neither of which are likely in an austere financial environment, are a lucky flight as a ‘piggyback’ mission or technology demonstration, or with a substantial and unprecedented investment to launch a scientific (e.g. seismic) network mission with a large number of vehicles such that a number of terrain-induced failures can be tolerated.     

关于航天遥感的若干问题

文章对航天遥感的任务、航天遥感系统和遥感数据链及遥感信息链的组成、遥感数据质量和遥感解译质量的概念予以综述,对航天遥感面临的若干问题加以说明和讨论.     

21世纪的航天(续)

航天事业在20世纪已取得显著进展和辉煌成就。21世纪即将来临。在21世纪,世界航天如何发展、将取得哪些重大成就,是人们关注的话题。为此,笔者根据有关材料汇编了这份材料,以供参考。共4讲,第一、二讲已刊登在本刊1998年第4期,下面为第三、四讲。