The History and Dynamics of Comet 9P/Tempel 1

Since its discovery in 1867, periodic comet 9P/Tempel 1 has been observed at 10 returns to perihelion, including all its returns since 1967. The observations for the seven apparitions beginning in 1967 have been fit with an orbit that includes only radial and transverse nongravitational accelerations that model the rocket-like thrusting introduced by the outgassing of the cometary nucleus. The successful nongravitational acceleration model did not assume any change in the comet’s ability to outgas from one apparition to the next and the outgassing was assumed to reach a maximum at perihelion. The success of this model over the 1967–2003 interval suggests that the comet’s spin axis is currently stable. Rough calculations suggest that the collision of the impactor released by the Deep Impact spacecraft will not provide a noticeable perturbation on the comet’s orbit nor will any new vent that is opened as a result of the impact provide a noticeable change in the comet’s nongravitational acceleration history. The observing geometries prior to, and during, the impact will allow extensive Earth based observations to complement the in situ observations from the impactor and flyby spacecraft.     

载人航天中人的失误分析及研究对策

文章首先将载人航天中产生人失误的原因分为三大类型：载人航天器系统人机界面本身设计不当、生产加工与装配错误以及由人自身的局限性所引发的操作错误。在此基础上，详细论述了为防止航天员发生失误而采取的研究对策。最后，提出几点建议以供讨论。     

载人航天天基测控通信探析

梳理了国内外空间站天基测控通信应用的概况,针对近地载人航天对测控通信系统的高要求,分析提出中继卫星系统的发展建议,以及导航卫星和低轨卫星星座系统的特点优势。调整中继卫星轨位、增加中继激光链路、采用全景波束全时监控模式,以及导航卫星和低轨卫星星座作为必要补充等途径,可为载人航天测控通信提供更好的灵活性、可用性和效费比。为载人航天天基测控通信发展提供了参考依据。     

国外宇航员舱外机动装置发展综述

综述了“双子星座”和航天飞机等空间飞行器上的宇航员舱外机动装置（ＭＭＵ）的发展历程、技术特点及主要技术参数，并对其优缺点进行了分析。介绍了国外对空间站上的ＭＭＵ的设想。     

Hybrid uncertainty-based design optimization and its application to hybrid rocket motors for manned lunar landing

Design reliability and robustness are getting increasingly important for the general design of aerospace systems with many inherently uncertain design parameters. This paper presents a hybrid uncertainty-based design optimization (UDO) method developed from probability theory and interval theory. Most of the uncertain design parameters which have sufficient information or experimental data are classified as random variables using probability theory, while the others are defined as interval variables with interval theory. Then a hybrid uncertainty analysis method based on Monte Carlo simulation and Taylor series interval analysis is developed to obtain the uncer-tainty propagation from the design parameters to system responses. Three design optimization strategies, including deterministic design optimization (DDO), probabilistic UDO and hybrid UDO, are applied to the conceptual design of a hybrid rocket motor (HRM) used as the ascent propulsion system in Apollo lunar module. By comparison, the hybrid UDO is a feasible method and can be effectively applied to the general design of aerospace systems.     

海事卫星系统在载人航天数据中继的应用

对海事卫星系统用于载人航天器数据中继的基本方法及可能性进行了讨论。从海事卫星系统的构成、链路能量和天线跟踪等方面论证了使用海事卫星系统中继载人航天数据的可能性。论述了工程实施中的关键技术和解决措施。提出了采用导频接收机来实施多普勒频移补偿的解决方案。最后认为使用海事卫星中继载人航天数据是可行的，可有效提高载人航天器的测控通信覆盖率。     

欧洲再入大气层试验飞行器

欧洲再入大气层试验飞行器是简单的不载人座舱式飞行器。它将随“阿里安5”火箭的第二次鉴定飞行发射升空。这是欧洲载人航天计划中的重要一步,旨在试验航天器返回地面的全套回收技术、获取在再入大气层阶段的各种参数,为正式设计载人飞船提供依据。文中对这种试验飞行器的总体及试验测量技术作了简要介绍。     

载人机动装置的姿态与轨迹控制

论述了载人机动装置（MMU）在载人航天中的作用，介绍了MMU控制系统的配置，MMU姿控发动机与轨迹控制发动机的协调控制，MMU的姿态测量以及姿态控制逻辑，分析了MMU姿态控制与轨迹控制的相互影响，最后给出MMU舱外活动的姿态控制以及姿态和轨迹连锁控制的数学仿真结果。     

载人航天器主动热控制系统流体回路的优化设计

载人航天器一般采用主动热控制技术为主的热控制系统,废热的排散主要通过泵驱动单相流体回路。分析了主动热控制系统的主要设计任务,如系统方案、工质的选择、回路部件的选型、系统参数的确定、控制算法等;提出了主动热控制系统方案及参数选择应满足适应性要求、安全性要求、可靠性要求以及经济性要求,指出主动热控制系统的设计是一个以系统总体质量最小为目标的约束优化问题,并讨论了优化设计的思路与实现流程。最后基于一个具体的设计案例对设计方法进行了验证。     

Clipper返回舱气动布局优化方法研究

俄罗斯联邦空间局提出的Clipper飞船返回舱采用升力再入方式，结合了飞船和航天飞机的特点，升阻比高、机动性强、稳定性好、过载低、空间大，而且可以部分重复使用，是未来低成本天地往返运输系统可能的发展方向。采用基于牛顿理论的气动力工程方法对气动特性进行预测，建立了考虑高超声速升阻比和效用容积时的多目标气动布局优化模型，利用多目标遗传算法进行了优化计算，获得了约束条件下的Pareto最优解集。