载人航天可靠性与空间环境试验

文章通过对国外载人航天事故统计,分析各种空间环境条件对航天器及航天员的影响,阐述了空间环境试验对提高载人航天可靠性的重要意义,提出为了提高载人航天的可靠性,应进行充分和严格的空间环境模拟试验。     

载人航天的发展

简述了国外主要载人航天器的种类、技术参数和发展过程。介绍了我国载人航天工程的发展概况和主要技术指标,并分析了我国发展载人航天在科学、经济和政治等方面的重要意义。     

返回舱和着陆系统设计的新理念

文章描述了美俄合作提出的一种低成本和低风险的载人返回舱概念。方案采用已有的硬件和技术，由美国负责电子设备和软件，充分利用俄罗斯在返回舱方面的技术和低成本。提出的这种返回舱概念是把联盟-TN按比例增大到可以容纳8位乘员，而且着陆系统增加了气囊，对伤病航天员的着陆具有更好的缓冲作用。     

航天器舷窗玻璃的强度检验方法和寿命预测

以断裂力学为基础,结合热钢化玻璃应力分布的特点,首次提出了热钢化玻璃的检验试验和寿命预测方法,为热钢化舷窗玻璃的强度检验提供了理论基础。分析示例的计算表明,即使通过相同的检验应力,在不同的使用环境中允许的使用应力是不同的;不同环境下,同样的使用应力,玻璃的使用寿命相差很大。     

Deep Impact: Working Properties for the Target Nucleus – Comet 9P/Tempel 1

In 1998, Comet 9P/Tempel 1 was chosen as the target of the Deep Impact mission (A’Hearn, M. F., Belton, M. J. S., and Delamere, A., Space Sci. Rev., 2005) even though very little was known about its physical properties. Efforts were immediately begun to improve this situation by the Deep Impact Science Team leading to the founding of a worldwide observing campaign (Meech et al., Space Sci. Rev., 2005a). This campaign has already produced a great deal of information on the global properties of the comet’s nucleus (summarized in Table I) that is vital to the planning and the assessment of the chances of success at the impact and encounter. Since the mission was begun the successful encounters of the Deep Space 1 spacecraft at Comet 19P/Borrelly and the Stardust spacecraft at Comet 81P/Wild 2 have occurred yielding new information on the state of the nuclei of these two comets. This information, together with earlier results on the nucleus of comet 1P/Halley from the European Space Agency’s Giotto, the Soviet Vega mission, and various ground-based observational and theoretical studies, is used as a basis for conjectures on the morphological, geological, mechanical, and compositional properties of the surface and subsurface that Deep Impact may find at 9P/Tempel 1. We adopt the following working values (circa December 2004) for the nucleus parameters of prime importance to Deep Impact as follows: mean effective radius = 3.25± 0.2 km, shape – irregular triaxial ellipsoid with a/b = 3.2± 0.4 and overall dimensions of ∼14.4 × 4.4 × 4.4 km, principal axis rotation with period = 41.85± 0.1 hr, pole directions (RA, Dec, J2000) = 46± 10, 73± 10 deg (Pole 1) or 287± 14, 16.5± 10 deg (Pole 2) (the two poles are photometrically, but not geometrically, equivalent), Kron-Cousins (V-R) color = 0.56± 0.02, V-band geometric albedo = 0.04± 0.01, R-band geometric albedo = 0.05± 0.01, R-band H(1,1,0) = 14.441± 0.067, and mass ∼7×10¹³ kg assuming a bulk density of 500 kg m⁻³. As these are working values, {i.e.}, based on preliminary analyses, it is expected that adjustments to their values may be made before encounter as improved estimates become available through further analysis of the large database being made available by the Deep Impact observing campaign. Given the parameters listed above the impact will occur in an environment where the local gravity is estimated at 0.027–0.04 cm s⁻² and the escape velocity between 1.4 and 2 m s⁻¹. For both of the rotation poles found here, the Deep Impact spacecraft on approach to encounter will find the rotation axis close to the plane of the sky (aspect angles 82.2 and 69.7 deg. for pole 1 and 2, respectively). However, until the rotation period estimate is substantially improved, it will remain uncertain whether the impactor will collide with the broadside or the ends of the nucleus.     

基于人工免疫算法的载人登月任务地月转移双脉冲中止策略研究彭 坤,果琳丽,向开恒,王 平,杨 雷

载人登月任务中,任务中止策略设计是确保航天员安全返回的重要基础。首先结合"星座"计划飞行方案分析了载人登月任务各飞行阶段的中止策略;其次针对地月转移巡航段进行了双脉冲中止策略设计,以速度增量数值、方位角以及变轨时间间隔为控制变量,加入轨道同向、近地点高度、偏心率以及飞行时间约束,提出双脉冲变轨计算流程;最后采用人工免疫算法对该问题进行了求解和优化。仿真算例表明,双脉冲中止策略存在多组解,其全局分布特性为:飞行时间越短速度增量需求越大;飞行时间相近时,大偏心率中止轨道对应的速度增量小;故障点离地月加速点越近,所需速度增量越小。同时也验证了人工免疫算法求解双脉冲中止策略问题的有效性。     

载人航天的热真空试验

据对国外情况的调研,讨论了载人航天热真空试验的特点与试验目的,提出了三类15项试验项目;讨论了载人航天器整体热真空试验的必要性,提出了分别进行舱外与舱内环境下的单舱或联舱试验的建议;分析了载人航天器热真空试验的特点与应用,提出了在卫星用试验设备上附加航天员所需专门装置,满足试验需要的设想。     

载人航天器系统防操作失误设计分析

载人航天中任何人为操作错误都会对载人航天器系统和航天员的安全构成威胁。文章对载人航天器系统中人的操作特点进行了论述,并对保证载人航天器安全而进行的防操作失误设计问题进行了探讨。在此基础上,提出了进行载人航天器系统防操作失误设计的方法以及提高航天员操作可靠性的措施。     

疏水改性ZSM-5吸附剂吸附CO2研究

传统方法采用5A沸石分子筛控制航天器舱内CO2浓度,因沸石与水蒸气的亲和力较大,在高湿度条件下将导致CO2吸附的失效。通过ZSM-5分子筛与无机硅粘结剂、助剂和水混合成面团状后挤压成形、干燥、焙烧,制备了一种分子筛吸附剂,经水蒸气/酸洗,疏水改性处理后,通过低温N2吸脱附、H2O/CO2吸附等温线、XRD等手段进行表征和评价。结果表明,所制备的疏水分子筛吸附剂比表面积达296m2/g,CO2的吸附性能略有提高,且疏水性优良,在90%相对湿度下吸水率只有约1%。     

Mars Phobos and Deimos Survey (M-PADS) – A martian Moons orbiter and Phobos lander

We describe a Mars ‘Micro Mission’ for detailed study of the martian satellites Phobos and Deimos. The mission involves two ∼330 kg spacecraft equipped with solar electric propulsion to reach Mars orbit. The two spacecraft are stacked for launch: an orbiter for remote investigation of the moons and in situ studies of their environment in Mars orbit, and another carrying a lander for in situ measurements on the surface of Phobos (or alternatively Deimos). Phobos and Deimos remain only partially studied, and Deimos less well than Phobos. Mars has almost always been the primary mission objective, while the more dedicated Phobos project (1988–89) failed to realise its full potential. Many questions remain concerning the moons’ origins, evolution, physical nature and composition. Current missions, such as Mars Express, are extending our knowledge of Phobos in some areas but largely neglect Deimos. The objectives of M-PADS focus on: origins and evolution, interactions with Mars, volatiles and interiors, surface features, and differences. The consequent measurement requirements imply both landed and remote sensing payloads. M-PADS is expected to accommodate a 60 kg orbital payload and a 16 kg lander payload. M-PADS resulted from a BNSC-funded study carried out in 2003 to define candidate Mars Micro Mission concepts for ESA’s Aurora programme.