利用电化学方法制备有序多孔硅阵列

采用电化学刻蚀的方法，在自制的电解槽中制备n型〈100〉晶向多孔硅条状阵列。通过扫描电子显微镜对生成的多孔硅进行形貌观察，并对多孔硅条状阵列的生长速率与形貌进行了初步的理论分析和实验研究。实验结果表明，多孔硅的生长速率主要由临界电流密度决定，多孔硅生成初始阶段产生锥形刻痕的原因是初始电流密度比较小，加大电流密度可以消除刻痕。多孔硅分又是由孔间距远远大于自由电荷区而产生的，而深槽中出现分立小孔的原因是反应产生的氢气阻碍了阳极氧化的进行。本实验结果对开展多孔硅进一步的研究工作具有指导意义。     

Effects of lunar and mars dust simulants on HaCaT keratinocytes and CHO-K1 fibroblasts

Exposure to lunar dust during Apollo missions resulted in occasional reports of ocular, respiratory and dermal irritations which showed that lunar dust has a risk potential for human health. This is caused by its high reactivity as well as its small size, leading to a wide distribution also inside habitats. Hence, detailed information regarding effects of extraterrestrial lunar dusts on human health is required to best support future missions to moon, mars or other destinations. In this study, we used several methods to assess the specific effects of extraterrestrial dusts onto mammalian skin by exposing HaCaT keratinocytes and CHO-K1 fibroblasts to dusts simulating lunar or mars soils. These particular cell types were chosen because the skin protects the human body from potentially harmful substances and because a well orchestrated program ensures proper wound healing. Keratinocytes and fibroblasts were exposed to the dusts for different durations of time and their effects on morphology and viability of the cells were determined. Cytotoxicity was measured using the MTT assay and by monitoring culture impedance, while phalloidin staining of the actin cytoskeleton was performed to address structural integrity of the cells which was also investigated by propidium iodide intake. It was found that the effects of the two types of dust simulants on the different features of both cell lines varied to a considerable extent. Moreover, proliferation of HaCaT keratinocytes, as analyzed by Ki67 labeling, was suppressed in sub-confluent cultures exposed to lunar dust simulant. Furthermore, experimental evidence is provided for a delay in regeneration of keratinocyte monolayers from scratch-wounding when exposed to lunar dust simulant. The obtained results will facilitate further investigations of dust exposure during wound healing and will ease risk assessment studies e.g., for lunar lander approaches. The investigations will help to determine safety measures to be taken during extraterrestrial expeditions in order to minimize risks to human health associated with exposure of human skin to dust contaminants.     

Electrostatic particle collection in vacuum

Lunar grains accumulate charges due to solar-based ionizing radiations, and the repelling action of like-charged particles causes the levitation of lunar dust. The lunar dust deposit on sensitive and costly surfaces of investigative equipment is a serious concern in lunar explorations. Inspired by electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), the Electrostatic Lunar Dust Collector (ELDC) was proposed for collecting already charged lunar dust particles to prevent the lunar dust threat. As the conditions for terrestrial counterparts are not valid in the lunar environment, equations developed for terrestrial devices yield incorrect predictions in lunar application. Hence, a mathematical model was developed for the ELDC operating in vacuum to determine its collection efficiency. The ratios of electrical energy over potential energy, kinetic energy over potential energy and the ratio of ELDC dimensions were identified to be the key dimensionless parameters. Sensitivity analyses of the relevant parameters showed that depending on ELDC orientation, smaller particles would be collected more easily at vertical orientation, whereas larger particles were easier to collect in a horizontal ELDC configuration. In the worst case scenario, the electrostatic field needed to be 10 times stronger in the vertical mode in order to adequately collect larger particles. The collection efficiency was very sensitive to surface potential of lunar dust and it reached the maximum when surface potential was between 30 and 120 V.     

The first new application of the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes to lunar and planetary science: Topography-Profile Diagrams of Mars

The Mathematical Statistics Theory (MST) and the Mathematical Theory of Stochastic Processes (MTSP) are different branches of the more general Mathematical Probability Theory (MPT) that can be used to investigate physical processes through mathematics. Each model of a stochastic process, according to MTSP, can provide one or more interpretations in the MST domain. A large body of work on impact crater statistics according to MST exists, showing cumulative crater frequency (N km⁻²) as a function of age (years) for some particular crater diameter. However, this is only one possible representation in the MST domain of the bombardment of the planetary surface modeled as a stochastic process according to MTSP. The idea that other representations are possible in the MST domain of the same stochastic process from MTSP has been recently presented. The importance of the approach is that each such mathematical-based interpretation can provide a large amount of new information. Coupled with MOLA data, Topography-Profile Diagrams (TPD) are one of the many examples that can provide a large amount of new information regarding the history of Mars. TPD consists of: (1) Topography-Profile Curve (TPC), which is a representation of the planet’s topography, (2) Density-of-Craters Curve (DCC), which represents density of craters, (3) Filtered-DCC (FDCC), which represents DCC filtered by a low-pass filter, included with the purpose of reducing the noise, and (4) Level-of-Substance-Over-Time Curve (LSOTC), which represents interpretation of the influence on the distribution of craters shown by FDCC. TPC uniquely corresponds to the computation of TPD, whereas DCC depends on algorithms for computing the elevation of each crater according to the topography, center coordinates, and radius of impact crater, and FDCC relies on the architecture of the custom designed low-pass filter for filtering DCC. However, all variations of DCC and FDCC, which includes the various impact crater data sets, showed a correlation among the density of craters and elevation over 70–80% of the planet surface. Additionally, if we assume that the ocean primarily caused the noted correlation, LSOTC offers a mathematical approach for estimating topographic change of the ocean’s extent over time. Accordingly, TPD is the first new practical application of MTSP to lunar and planetary sciences, showing correlation of topography to a physical process.     

月球最优软着陆两点边值问题的数值解法

对于月球软着陆,燃耗最优是制导过程的基本要求.文中首先应用极大值原理设计了最优着陆制导控制律,此时求解最优轨迹变成一个两点边值问题(TPBVP).本文利用一种基于初值猜测技术的打靶法求解这个两点边值问题,得到软着陆最优轨迹.结果表明该方法可有效改善迭代计算,具有一定的优越性.     

气象卫星在地球环境和自然灾害监测中的应用

气象卫星产品在气候、水份循环、地表环境和自然灾害监测中有广泛的用途。文章介绍了这些气象卫星产品的推导原理和应用情况。     

基于系统科学的复杂系统软件生命周期模型研究

复杂系统的核心功能主要由软件实现,软件对复杂系统的可信性和质量有至关重要的影响.目前复杂系统软件的研制和管理主要采用基于一般系统工程的方法,未考虑复杂系统所具有的开放性、涌现性、自组织性等特征,存在一定局限性.为保证复杂系统软件的可信性和质量,基于复杂系统的主要特征,引入系统科学的方法及理论对现有方法进行扩展,并结合敏...     

当今炭素材料的研究热点和发展趋势

在系统地分析了当今炭素材料研究的基础上，结合科学技术发展的方向提出了炭素科学的研究热点，认为多孔碳材料、纳米碳材料和碳基复合材料是当今炭素材料的研究热点，而由能源的开发与利用、环境的保护与治理和生命科学的发展所引出的新型应用领域则代表了未来几年乃至几十年的研究热点和发展趋势，这些炭素材料的应用则构成了当今炭素材料应用科学的主要研究内容。炭素材料的基础研究主要围绕着炭素材料的性能和应用展开。     

月球垂直软着陆轨道初步设计

采用圆锥曲线拼接法,建立了月球垂直着陆的数学模型;推导了地月转移轨道和一些重要参数的初步设计和计算方法。通过仿真,给出了理想情况下和考虑推力大小时月球垂直着陆轨道运动特性。对运动特性的分析结果可为轨道初步设计提供一定的参考。     

月球车刚性车轮与土壤相互作用的力学模型与测试

基于车辆地面力学中土壤的承压、剪切特性以及土力学中被动土压力理论,建立了月球车刚性车轮在松软土壤上前进和转向的轮地作用力学模型;通过数值计算,分析了土壤参数变化及车轮运动滑转率变化对挂钩牵引力、驱动力矩和转向力矩的影响;设计了一套车轮性能参数测试系统,对所设计的一种刚性车轮在松软土壤上运动的力学特性进行了初步的实验测试,并与所建立的力学模型进行了验证分析.