月球探测器软着陆机构发展综述

综述了月球探测器软着陆机构的发展概况;分析了国际上月球探测器软着陆机构的结构组成、工作原理及特点。对不同展开机构和缓冲器特点进行了分析,预测了月球探测器软着陆机构的发展趋势。     

环月卫星成像敏感器对月姿态确定算法

紫外月球敏感器是大视场成像式敏感器,针对姿态确定算法,以MOSAIC可见光成像敏感器为例分析了传统圆拟合模式的适用性与不足;推证出在低轨道情况下曲线拟合出的月像几何中心与真实月心(nadir)不能等同;依据成像几何分析通过泰勒展开公式推导并提出了新的姿态角运算方法,保证了低轨道姿态运算精度;仿真结果显示新算法的姿态运算是非常有效的。     

Introduction to Japanese exploration study to the moon

The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency (JAXA) views the lunar lander SELENE-2 as the successor to the SELENE mission. In this presentation, the mission objectives of SELENE-2 are shown together with the present design status of the spacecraft. JAXA launched the Kaguya (SELENE) lunar orbiter in September 2007, and the spacecraft observed the Moon and a couple of small satellites using 15 instruments. As the next step in lunar exploration, the lunar lander SELENE-2 is being considered. SELENE-2 will land on the lunar surface and perform in-situ scientific observations, environmental investigations, and research for future lunar utilization including human activity. At the same time, it will demonstrate key technologies for lunar and planetary exploration such as precise and safe landing, surface mobility, and overnight survival. The lander will carry laser altimeters, image sensors, and landing radars for precise and safe landing. Landing legs and a precisely controlled propulsion system will also be developed. A rover is being designed to be able to travel over a wide area and observe featured terrain using scientific instruments. Since some of the instruments require long-term observation on the lunar surface, technology for night survival over more than 2 weeks needs to be considered. The SELENE-2 technologies are expected to be one of the stepping stones towards future Japanese human activities on the moon and to expand the possibilities for deep space science.     

一种刚、柔机械臂组合的月壤取样器动力学分析

针对月球表取任务,本文提出一种由三个刚性臂和一个柔性臂组合、结构新颖的月壤取样器。该取样器具有收缩体积小、工作空间大和重量轻的优点。重点描述了柔性臂的驱动机构设计。采用虚功原理建立了柔性臂的柔性动力学模型,并采用Wilson theta的数值计算方法分析了取样器的动力学特性。通过动力学响应确定了取样器的工作极限。最后通过仿真和实验验证了该柔性动力学分析的正确性。     

月球着陆器典型故障模式分析

为提高月球着陆器着陆可靠性,需识别潜在的故障模式对稳定性着陆带来的影响。建立了着陆器的动力学模型,给出了着陆器着陆时的七种极限工况,作为故障模式分析的基础;针对动力下降段三种典型故障模式,即主发动机延时关机、储箱残留液体着陆和触月信号延迟发出,建立与延时关机对应的上抛、平抛运动和数学关系,与残留液体着陆等效的单摆模型,施加触月信号延迟发出所产生的推力曲线,利用Adams软件进行动力学仿真;结果表明储箱残留液体着陆影响较小,另外两种故障模式使着陆时抗倾倒性能和缓冲性能恶化,增加着陆不稳定性。     

月面探测器月夜生存方法研究

提出一种月面探测器月夜生存方法,将探测器月面模式分为月昼工作模式和月夜休眠模式,并设计实现两种模式间的可靠转换。在月夜休眠模式将探测器设备断电解决无光照无太阳阵功率的问题;利用放射性同位素热源解决月夜期间探测器的热源问题,保证设备的存储温度;通过设计休眠光照唤醒和休眠定时时钟唤醒两种冗余设计方法实现探测器两种模式的转换。该方法已通过试验验证,可以为其他深空探测任务提供参考和借鉴。     

多约束条件下月亮对IGSO/MEO卫星干扰预报方法

针对IGSO/MEO卫星倾斜轨道(55 °)和偏航主动姿态控制的特殊性,研究了适用倾斜中高轨卫星月球干扰的亮度模型、地球遮挡模型、几何满足模型,提出了多元素约束条件下的月球干扰预报方法,解决了传统预报算法虚警概率较大的问题.实际控制结果表明,该方法实现了对在轨IGSO/MEO卫星地球敏感器月球干扰的准确预报,取得了很好的应用效果.     

First-order feasibility analysis of a space suit radiator concept based on estimation of water mass sublimation using Apollo mission data

Thermal control of a space suit during extravehicular activity (EVA) is typically accomplished by sublimating water to provide system cooling. Spacecraft, on the other hand, primarily rely on radiators to dissipate heat. Integrating a radiator into a space suit has been proposed as an alternative design that does not require mass consumption for heat transfer. While providing cooling without water loss offers potential benefits for EVA application, it is not currently practical to rely on a directional, fixed-emissivity radiator to maintain thermal equilibrium of a spacesuit where the radiator orientation, environmental temperature, and crew member metabolic heat load fluctuate unpredictably. One approach that might make this feasible, however, is the use of electrochromic devices that are capable of infrared emissivity modulation and can be actively controlled across the entire suit surface to regulate net heat flux for the system. Integrating these devices onto the irregular, compliant space suit material requires that they be fabricated on a flexible substrate, such as Kapton film. An initial assessment of whether or not this candidate technology presents a feasible design option was conducted by first characterizing the mass of water loss from sublimation that could theoretically be saved if an electrochromic suit radiator was employed for thermal control. This is particularly important for lunar surface exploration, where the expense of transporting water from Earth is excessive, but the technology is potentially beneficial for other space missions as well. In order to define a baseline for this analysis by comparison to actual data, historical documents from the Apollo missions were mined for comprehensive, detailed metabolic data from each lunar surface outing, and related data from NASA’s more recent “Advanced Lunar Walkback” tests were also analyzed. This metabolic database was then used to validate estimates for sublimator water consumption during surface EVAs, and solar elevation angles were added to predict the performance of an electrochromic space suit radiator under Apollo conditions. Then, using these actual data sets, the hypothetical water mass savings that would be expected had this technology been employed were calculated. The results indicate that electrochromic suit radiators would have reduced sublimator water consumption by 69.0% across the entire Apollo program, for a total mass savings of 68.5 kg to the lunar surface. Further analysis is needed to determine the net impact as a function of the complete system, taking into account both suit components and consumable mass, but the water mass reduction found in this study suggests a favorable system trade is likely.     

基于人工势场法的月球表层采样装置避障规划

表层采样技术是获取地外天体土壤样品的重要手段,为在月表复杂地形、不确定着陆姿态、不规则器表包络约束下,快速获取安全的表层采样动态轨迹,文章根据四自由度表层采样装置设计,分析了工作过程中的正逆运动学关系;根据表层采样装置动、静态目标点运动要求,将约束空间分解为有效障碍检测区与不可达集,进行表层采样避障规划;为加快规划速度,针对表层采样装置瞬态构型构建了动态障碍检测区、动态不可达集;结合人工势场法提出了避障规划算法。对典型姿态下表层采样过程的避障规划仿真表明,该算法可实现约束条件下的表层采样轨迹规划,并对表层采样装置适应性设计提供支持。     

月球探测再入返回试验后续飞行方案研究

对于中国月球探测再入返回飞行试验的剩余推进剂,研究并设计了后续飞行方案。首先,基于月球探测再入返回飞行试验任务结束后的轨道和卫星状况,分析了可行的探测目标,确定了以日地月空间和相应平动点作为探测目标的后续飞行方案。其次,针对后续飞行方案中的轨道设计与控制需求,研究了平动点轨道直接转移入轨方法和不同系统的平动点轨道转移方法。相对于目前常见的基于不变流形的平动点转移轨道设计方法,文章方法无需进行大量的流形计算,因而计算步骤简单,计算量大大降低,尤其便于实际飞行任务应用。最后,设计了后续飞行方案的飞行轨道和相应的控制方案,同时分析了控制操作的地面测控条件。研究结果表明,基于月球探测再入返回飞行试验任务的剩余推进剂,完全可以在日地月空间开展多项具有创新性和重要应用价值的飞行试验验证,为我国后续"夸父"和月球探测等深空探测任务积累宝贵的测控技术和经验,同时为后续深空探测的"多目标多任务"设计思路提供有益借鉴。