低温推进剂加注液位信号智能处理技术研究

低温加注系统是运载火箭发射场地面支持设备的重要组成部分,包括低温介质的储存、运输、供给、控制以及安全等内容。由于低温推进剂本身存在低温沸腾、易挥发的特性,其加注过程十分复杂,为满足新一代运载火箭推进剂精准的加注要求,需要实时准确监测加注过程中贮箱内的液位高度。本文针对火箭地面加注过程的液位信号数据,对其三角波电压和线性波电压的特征进行分析、提取,基于BP（Back Propagation,反向传播）神经网络算法完成对不同加注状态的识别检测,并应用于传感器节数判别,优化了液位计算算法,降低了节数人为干预需求,提高了液位测量准确性。经实验测试验证,该方法可有效识别低温加注状态,识别准确率达到90%以上,用于液位信号处理中可显著提升液位高度计算的准确性。     

单组元300N发动机低温试验研究

为探究低温环境下单组元300N发动机的工作特性,揭示影响发动机低温性能的主要影响因素,以300N发动机为试验对象,开展了模拟飞行工况的发动机低温试验。给出了低温试验研究方法,分别从温度差异对发动机性能影响、催化剂活性差异对发动机低温启动特性影响和低温对电磁阀响应特性影响等方面获得研究结果。结果表明,低温是影响发动机低温性能的主要影响因素,-48℃条件催化剂无法完成推进剂的催化分解,发动机发生爆炸;-30℃条件下起活时间为80.5～87.5ms,发动机可正常启动,且启动温度与起活时间呈指数关系;催化剂批次差异也对发动机低温工作性能产生一定影响,不同批次催化剂低温起活时间的差异可达91ms;低温试验过程中,电磁阀的关闭受到低温推进剂粘性和背压的影响,产生了明显的迟滞现象,延迟时间约100ms,对发动机在轨的精准控制存在一定影响。     

ZnO/SBA-15无机热控涂层填料及涂层性能

开展高紫外-可见-近红外反射能力热控填料的制备,研制新型低吸收比(α_S)高发射率(ε_H)无机热控涂层。以自制SBA-15和ZnO前驱体为原料通过溶剂热浸渍和高温煅烧法制备ZnO/SBA-15填料,然后与硅酸钾(K_2SiO_3)制备无机热控涂层;采用SAXD、XRD、SEM、太阳反射光谱分析填料和涂层的性能。结果显示采用硝酸锌作为前驱体、m(ZnO)∶m(SBA-15)=3∶7、950℃下烧结3 h可以得到高紫外-可见-近红外反射能力的填料;ZnO/SBA-15/K_2SiO_3无机涂层的α_S为0.09,ε_H为0.91,涂层结合力等级为1级,经过100次-196～100℃热循环实验后,涂层无脱落和开裂现象。SBA-15改性ZnO可以获得具有高紫外反射率和低α_S的热控填料,ZnO/SBA-15填料制备的无机热控涂层同样具备高紫外反射率、低α_S和高ε_H,可以满足航天器高效散热的需求,应用前景良好。     

三结太阳电池高能电子损伤模拟及仿真分析

利用wx AMPS软件构建了高效Ga In P/Ga As/Ge太阳电池的中电池模型,并对电池抗辐照性能进行模拟研究。模拟发现,当辐照缺陷密度较小时,缺陷对中电池的电性能影响较小;当缺陷密度较大时,电性能的下降与电子注量值的对数成正比。计算电池的I-V和量子效率谱(QE曲线)可知,电池电性能的下降直接对应于量子效率的下降、饱和暗电流的增强以及并联电阻的衰降。模拟结果与试验结果的对比显示,在各子电池均匀损伤的假定下,1 Me V电子辐照的缺陷引入率约为0.81。     

基于内模原理的复杂挠性卫星姿态控制研究

首先对具有运动挠性附件的航天器的姿态动力学模型进行了简要讨论和分析,证明了对于受步进扰动的复杂挠性卫星系统,采用输出反馈PD控制仅能得到一致有界稳定的结论。为了获得闭环系统的渐近稳定性能,进一步构造了具有内模补偿的PD控制系统,并且根据Lyapunov理论给出了严格证明。基于美国GOES 8号静止轨道气象卫星公布的动力学参数,对PD控制及含有内模补偿的PD控制两类控制器进行了仿真对比,以校验所设计控制系统的有效性。最后,进行了总结并提出进一步的研究设想。     

弱撞击对接机构捕获系统运动空间研究

以弱撞击对接机构（LIDM）捕获系统的运动空间为研究对象,提出了影响运动空间的主要因素如驱动臂长度、转动副转角、结构框内径等对运动空间的限制。在此基础上,对捕获系统运动空间及其各截面进行了分析,并详细讨论了结构框内径对运动空间的影响,对LIDM的设计和优化具有重要意义。     

日盲紫外探测技术在空间预警中的应用

天基紫外预警是反弹道导弹武器的重要手段。文章从地球日盲紫外空间背景和导弹紫外辐射特性两方面进行分析,论证天基紫外空间预警系统可以获得较高的信噪比和信杂比,能够实现低虚警率的空间预警。同时提出了天基紫外空间预警系统可能的3种工作体制：单一基于紫外波段的天基预警系统存在发现目标较晚的问题;紫外—红外双波段天基预警系统可以实现更低的空间预警虚警率;红外—紫外光谱复合天基预警系统可通过紫外光谱观测辨别导弹种类。最后,文章对现有紫外探测技术进行分析,论证了AlGaN和SiC探测器用于天基紫外预警的可行性,并对其工作模式进行了分析。     

太阳电池阵EM板热真空试验电路故障测试技术

太阳电池阵EM板热真空试验是考核太阳电池板适应热真空环境能力的关键试验。试验中需要对电池阵的电路进行多循环长期检测。文章中采用对EM板输出负载电压进行实时高频（≥10Hz）采集,同时对每个循环、每天的测试数据进行对比的测试方法检测电池电路的短路和开路故障。某航天器太阳电池阵EM板热真空试验采用此测试方法及时发现了电池电路异常,并在对问题工艺进行改进后重新投产;新产品通过了第二次热真空试验的考核,且在轨工作正常,证明了该测试方法的有效性。     

Self-perspiration garment for extravehicular activity improves skin cooling effects without raising humidity

Introduction

The current U.S. extravehicular activity (EVA) suit in space includes liquid cooling and ventilation garment (LCVG) to control thermal condition. Tubes knitted in LCVG for flowing water interrupt evaporation of perspiration, and astronauts feel discomfort. In the present study, we hypothesized that a self-perspiration garment would effectively lower the skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. Thus, we developed and examined the effects of the garment.

Methods

Eight healthy subjects were studied with a cyclic ergometer of 30, 60 90 and 120 W loading for 3 min each. Skin temperature and humidity on the back were measured continuously. Subjects wore and tested three types of garments i.e., a spandex wear without any cooling device (Normal), a simulated LCVG (s-LCVG) or the spandex wear knitted a vinyl tube for flowing water, and the spandex wear with a tube, which flows water and self-perspiration with oozing water for evaporative cooling (SPEC).

Results

All measurements were reached to steady state 2–3 min after the setting. The s-LCVG decreased skin temperature 0.39±0.14 °C during 12 min of cooling. With SPEC, skin temperature did not decrease significantly until 6–9 min after starting the cooling. However, the temperature decreased rapidly and significantly after that, and finally decreased 1.59±0.32 °C. Humidity in the SPEC was significantly lower than that in s-LCVG.

Discussion

SPEC was effective for lowering skin temperature without raising humidity in the garment. The concept is expected to use as a better cooling system during EVA.     

Influence of lunar topography on simulated surface temperature

The surface temperature of the Moon is one of the essential parameters for the lunar exploration, especially to evaluate the Moon thermophysical features. The distribution of the temperature is heavily influenced by the Moon topography, which, however, is rarely studied in the state-of-art surface temperature models. Therefore, this paper takes the Moon topography into account to improve the surface temperature model, Racca model. The main parameters, such as slopes along the longitude and latitude directions, are estimated with the topography data from Chang’E-1 satellite and the Horn algorithm. Then the effective solar illumination model is then constructed with the slopes and the relative position to the subsolar point. Finally, the temperature distribution over the Moon surface is obtained with the effective illumination model and the improved Racca model. The results indicate that the distribution of the temperature is very sensitive to the fluctuation of the Moon surface. The change of the surface temperature is up to 150 K in some places compared to the result without considering the topography. In addition, the variation of the surface temperature increases with the distance from the subsolar point and the elevation, along both latitude and longitude directions. Furthermore, the simulated surface temperature coincides well with the brightness temperature in 37 GHz observed by the microwave sounder onboard Chang’E-2 satellite. The corresponded emissivity map not only eliminates the influence of the topography, but also hints the inherent properties of the lunar regolith just below the surface. Last but not the least, the distribution of the permanently shadowed regions (PSRs) in the lunar pole area is also evaluated with the simulated surface temperature result.