低压涡轮气动/声学一体化设计——总体参数优化

低压涡轮是航空发动机的重要噪声源之一,同时也是影响发动机单位推力耗油率的重要部件之一。为适应新一代发动机高效、低噪的设计目标,提出了基于传统涡轮设计流程的低压涡轮气动/声学一体化设计思路,并以某一典型民用发动机6级低压涡轮的设计要求为例,对末级功分配、通道外径、涡轮出口马赫数、叶片数目等涡轮总体参数进行了优化探索。结果表明,文中提出的设计思路可以在涡轮设计的总体参数选取阶段对涡轮效率和噪声同时进行有效评估,以便合理地选取涡轮总体参数,是一种可行的高效、低噪涡轮设计方法。     

Numerical study of separation on the trailing edge of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Reynolds number

This study focuses on the trailing-edge separation of a symmetrical airfoil at a low Rey-nolds number. Finite volume method is adopted to solve the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) equation. Flow of the symmetrical airfoil SD8020 at a low Reynolds number has been simulated. Laminar separation bubble in the flow field of the airfoil is observed and process of unsteady bubble burst and vortex shedding from airfoil surfaces is investigated. The time-dependent lift coefficient is characteristic of periodic fluctuations and the lift curve varies nonlinearly with the attack of angle. Laminar separation occurs on both surfaces of airfoil at small angles of attack. With the increase of angle of attack, laminar separation occurs and then reattaches near the trailing edge on the upper surface of airfoil, which forms laminar separation bubble. When the attack of angle reaches certain value, the laminar separation bubble is unstable and produces two kinds of large scale vortex, i.e. primary vortex and secondary vortex. The periodic processes that include secondary vortex production, motion of secondary vortex and vortex shedding cause fluctuation of the lift coefficient. The periodic time varies with attack of angle. The secondary vortex is relatively stronger than the primary vortex, which means its influence is relatively stronger than the primary vortex.     

大型固体助推器的低成本推进剂

固体火箭发动机要想在未来空间运输系统中得到应用,必须降低成本,才有竞争力。本文综述了锡奥科尔公司在大型固体助推器用低成本固体推进剂方面的研究成果。研究表明,HTPB/AN推进剂(88％固体,AN、R-45HT,廉价AP/Al)和HTPB/AP推进剂(88％固体,R-45HT,廉价AP/Al)与航天飞机固体助推器所用的PBAN推进剂相比,其成本分别降低了40％和15％。     

A new method of single celestial-body sun positioning based on theory of mechanisms

Considering defects of current single celestial-body positioning methods such as discon-tinuity and long period, a new sun positioning algorithm is herein put forward. Instead of tradi-tional astronomical spherical trigonometry and celestial coordinate system, the proposed new positioning algorithm is built by theory of mechanisms. Based on previously derived solar vector equations (from a C1R2P2 series mechanism), a further global positioning method is developed by inverse kinematics. The longitude and latitude coordinates expressed by Greenwich mean time (GMT) and solar vector in local coordinate system are formulated. Meanwhile, elimination method of multiple solutions, errors of longitude and latitude calculation are given. In addition, this algo-rithm has been integrated successfully into a mobile phone application to visualize sun positioning process. Results of theoretical verification and smart phone’s test demonstrate the validity of pre-sented coordinate’s expressions. Precision is shown as equivalent to current works and is acceptable to civil aviation requirement. This new method solves long-period problem in sun sight running fix-ing and improves applicability of sun positioning. Its methodology can inspire development of new sun positioning device. It would be more applicable to be combined with inertial navigation systems for overcoming discontinuity of celestial navigation systems and accumulative errors of inertial nav-igation systems.     

酚醛浸渍碳烧蚀体(PICA)的制备、结构及性能

采用热塑性酚醛树脂溶液浸渍碳毡,经过溶胶-凝胶反应和常压干燥后,制备出一系列不同密度的酚醛浸渍烧蚀体(PICA)(0.27~0.47 g/cm3)材料,并系统研究了不同密度的PICA碳化前后微观形貌、力学性能及隔热性能的变化规律。结果表明:PICA具有典型的碳纤维增强酚醛气凝胶复合结构。不同密度的PICA均具有优异的力学性能和隔热性能,且弯曲强度为2.2~16.5 MPa,热导率为56~62 m W/(m·K)。在密度为0.40 g/cm3时,PICA弯曲强度最大,热导率最低。进一步通过1 000℃高温处理之后,相应的C-PICA材料仍然表现出轻质、高强、低热导率的特征。     

一种改进的晃动基座上纬度自估计方法

利用重力加速度在惯性系投影呈圆锥慢漂的特性,以及漂移的角度与纬度之间的几何关系,建立相关方程,推导了纬度自估计公式.同时,为了降低加速度计噪声对纬度自估计的影响,提出了将重力加速度积分的方法,并进行了理论证明.该方法可有效平滑掉加速度计噪声的干扰,使估计结果更准确,数值仿真验证了所提方法的有效性.     

低雷诺数环境中低压涡轮部件的气动设计探索

为了探索高空低雷诺数情况下高性能低压涡轮部件的气动设计思路和设计方法,通过采用高负荷、大弦长的叶片设计和选择恰当的叶片表面速度分布形式设计了一台新低压涡轮。三维粘性数值模拟的结果显示新低压涡轮效率在高空低雷诺数情况下比设计点下降2 3个百分点。设计结果表明提高涡轮工作雷诺数和降低涡轮性能对雷诺数变化的敏感程度是低雷诺数环境下高性能涡轮气动设计的关键。     

基底沉积温度对WO3薄膜电致变色特性的影响

分别在室温和基片温度低于223 K的条件下,采用直流反应磁控溅射法制备WO3薄膜。对两种条件下制备的薄膜晶体结构、透射光谱特性及电致变色性能进行对比分析。结果表明,低温沉积有利于WO3薄膜非晶化,使得Li^＋的抽取更加容易,进而显示出良好的变色性能。低温制备的WO3薄膜在可见光400-800nm范围内着色态和漂白态平均透光率差值达70%以上,在690 nm处的着色系数达到了48.7 cm^2/C,具有良好的变色效率。     

激光聚焦点火区域流场演化的数值研究

激光聚焦点火区域形成的低密度球腔会制约吸气式高重频脉冲激光推进发动机的稳定工作。基于球形点火模型,用数值计算方法研究了等离子体的初始温度对球腔大小的影响以及球腔的演化特点。研究表明,当等离子体的能量较大时,它的初始温度对球腔大小的影响较小;球腔的密度不足环境气体密度的0.1倍,温度高达几千K,压强接近环境气体压强;球腔半径与等离子体动力学半径的比值稳定在0.29左右。通过对球腔演化规律的分析,为激光器参数的控制和聚焦系统的设计提供了一定的参考依据。     

基于飞行仿真平台的相关坐标变换模型

飞行力学中相关的飞行器运动方程都是在地面坐标系中建立的,地面坐标系的前提假设"平面大地"与地球表面具有曲率不符,经纬度能真实反映飞行器的飞行情况,但不能直接运用于飞行器运动方程.针对以上情况,提出了能够运用于地面坐标与经纬度相互转换的模型.在飞行仿真平台上,由飞行器运动方程建立相关的飞行机动动作模型,再由提出的坐标变换模型将运动方程中的相关参数转换为经纬度.实验结果表明,坐标变换模型是合理的,具有实用性,能运用于相关的飞行仿真平台中.