Asymmetric precipitation in a coronal loop as explanation of a singular observed spectrum

Almost 10 years of solar submillimeter observations have shown new aspects of solar activity, such as the presence of rapid solar spikes associated with the launch of coronal mass ejections and an increasing submillimeter spectral component in flares. We analyse the singular microwave–submillimeter spectrum of an M class solar flare on 20 December, 2002. Flux density observations measured by Sun patrol telescopes and the Solar Submillimeter Telescope are used to build the radio spectrum, which is fitted using Ramaty’s code. At submillimeter frequencies the spectrum shows a component different from the microwave classical burst. The fitting is achieved proposing two homogeneous sources of emission. This theoretical fitting is in agreement with differential precipitation through a magnetically asymmetric loop or set of loops. From a coronal magnetic field model we infer an asymmetric magnetic structure at the flare location. The model proposed to quantify the differential precipitation rates due to the asymmetry results in a total precipitation ratio Q₂/Q₁≈10⁴–10⁵, where Q₁(Q₂) represents the total precipitation in the loop foot with the high (low) magnetic field intensity. This ratio agrees with the electron total number ratio of the two sources proposed to fit the radio spectrum.     

空间环境模拟器热沉热辐射当量吸收特性研究

文章采用蒙特卡罗法模拟射线的传输过程,分别对两种热沉形式的热辐射当量吸收系数进行了数值计算,研究了表面形式、几何高度及入射光线方向等参数对表面热辐射当量吸收系数的影响。计算表明,正六边形凹腔形式的吸收效果远好于正四棱锥形式,但这种结构形式的吸收有明显的方向性,正四棱锥形式对光线的吸收呈现各向同性。     

SRAM FPGA电离辐射效应试验研究

针对SRAM FPGA空间应用日益增多,以100万门SRAM FPGA为样品,进行了单粒子效应和电离总剂量效应辐照试验。单粒子试验结果是:试验用粒子最小LET为1.66 MeV·cm2/mg,出现SEU（单粒子翻转）;LET为4.17 MeV·cm2/mg,出现SEFI（单粒子功能中断）,通过重新配置,样品功能恢复正常;LET在1.66～64.8 MeV?cm2/mg范围内,未出现SEL（单粒子锁定）;试验发现,随SEU数量的累积,样品功耗电流会随之增加,对样品进行重新配置,电流恢复正常。电离总剂量辐照试验结果是:辐照总剂量75 krad(Si)时,2只样品功能正常,功耗电流未见明显变化。辐照到87 krad(Si)时,样品出现功能失效。试验表明SRAM FPGA属于SEU敏感的器件,且存在SEFI。SEU和SEFI会破坏器件功能,导致系统故障。空间应用SRAM FPGA必须进行抗单粒子加固设计,推荐的加固方法是三模冗余（TMR）配合定时重新配置（Scrubbing）。关键部位如控制系统慎用SRAM FPGA。     

系统级链路预算方法

计算地面站和飞行器之间的通信链路余量问题常依赖于简单的数学叠加法,但在实际应用中,复杂飞行器模型以及气候条件等干扰因素都容易造成天线方向图的畸变,从而导致链路预算不准.为了尽可能准确评估链路性能,提出了一种系统级链路预算评估方法.应用旋转变换矩阵,建立了姿态变化造成天线方向图相对变化的关系式.仿真得出装机后天线方向图畸变信息.根据相对变化量对方向图信息作数据挖掘.按全系统链路余量表达式计算变姿态情况下链路余量.评估了一种超短波通信天线与地面站天线间的通信链路性能,以及飞机降落时航向天线和航向台站之间的通信链路问题,表明该方法具有一定工程应用价值.     

等离子体单极天线辐射特性和隐身性能研究

在等离子体单极天线工作原理的基础上,详细研究了等离子体表面波的色散关系,推导了等离子体的浓度分布和等离子体气柱长度与激励源的关系。并分析了离子体参数对等离子体天线谐振频率、方向图的影响,计算并比较了等离子体天线和普通天线的雷达散射截面。结果表明了等离子体天线具有优良性能和很好的隐身效果。     

A laboratory study on the thermally induced transformation of hydrogen cyanide (HCN) to the cyanogen anion (CN) in Solar System analog ices

Mixtures of molecular nitrogen and methane have been identified in numerous outer Solar Systemices including the icy surfaces of Pluto and Triton. We have simulated the interaction of ionizing radiation in the Solar System by carrying out a radiolysis experiment on a methane – molecular nitrogen ice mixture with energetic electrons. We have identified the hydrogen cyanide molecule as the most prominent carbon–nitrogen-bearing reaction product formed. Upon warming the irradiated sample, we followed for the first time the kinetics and temporal evolution of the underlying acid–base chemistry which resulted in the formation of the cyanide ion from hydrogen cyanide. On the surfaces of Triton and Pluto and on comets in Oort’s cloud this sort of complex chemistry is likely to occur. In particular, hydrogen cyanide can be produced in low temperature environments (Oort cloud comets) and may be converted into cyanide ions once the comets reach the warmer regions of the Solar System.     

Using high-energy proton fluence to improve risk prediction for consequences of solar particle events

The potential for exposure to large solar particle events (SPEs) with high energy levels is a major concern during interplanetary transfer and extra-vehicular activities (EVAs) on the lunar and Mars surface. Previously, we have used data from the last 5 solar cycles to estimate percentiles of dose to a typical blood-forming organ (BFO) for a hypothetical astronaut in a nominally shielded spacecraft during a 120-d lunar mission. As part of this process, we made use of complete energy spectra for 34 large historical SPEs to calculate what the BFO mGy-Eq dose would have been in the above lunar scenario for each SPE. From these calculated doses, we then developed a prediction model for BFO dose based solely on an assumed value of integrated fluence above 30 MeV (Φ₃₀) for an otherwise unspecified future SPE. In this study, we reasoned that since BFO dose is determined more by protons with higher energies than by those with lower energies, more accurate BFO dose prediction models could be developed using integrated fluence above 60 (Φ₆₀) and above 100 MeV (Φ₁₀₀) as predictors instead of Φ₃₀. However to calculate the unconditional probability of a BFO dose exceeding a pre-specified limit (“BFO dose risk”), one must also take into account the distribution of the predictor (Φ_30,Φ₆₀, or Φ₁₀₀), as estimated from historical SPEs. But Φ₆₀ and Φ₁₀₀ have more variability, and less available historical information on which to estimate their distributions over many SPE occurrences, than does Φ₃₀. Therefore, when estimating BFO dose risk there is a tradeoff between increased BFO dose prediction at a given energy threshold and decreased accuracy of models for describing the distribution of that threshold over future SPEs as the threshold increases. Even when taking the second of these two factors into account, we still arrived at the conclusion that overall prediction improves as the energy level threshold increases from 30 to 60 to 100 MeV. These results can be applied to the development of approaches to improve radiation protection of astronauts and the optimization of mission planning for future space missions.     

Induction of genomic instability after an acute whole-body exposure of mice to Fe ions

The purpose of this study was to evaluate dose–response relationships for the in vivo induction of micronuclei (MN) as a measure of both initial radiation damage and the induction of genomic instability. These measurements were made in mouse blood erythrocytes as a function of radiation dose, radiation quality, time after irradiation, and the genetic background of exposed individuals. Blood samples were collected from two strains of mouse (CBA/CaJ and C57BL/6J) at different times up to 3 months following a whole-body exposure to various doses of 1 GeV/amu ⁵⁶Fe ions (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 Gy, at the dose rate of a 1 Gy/min) or ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays (0, 0.5, 1.0 and 3.0 Gy, at the dose rate of 0.72 Gy/min). Blood-smear slides were stained with acridine orange (AO). The frequencies of MN were measured in mature normochromatic-erythrocytes (MN-NCEs) and in immature polychromatic-erythrocytes (MN-PCEs). Effects of both types of radiation on erythropoiesis were also evaluated. As a measure of cell progression delay, a dose-dependent decrease in numbers of PCEs was observed at day 2 post-exposure in both strains, regardless of radiation quality. Subsequently, the levels of PCEs increased in all exposed mice, reaching control levels (or higher) by day 7 post-exposure. Further, at day 2 after the exposure, there was no increase in the frequency of MN-PCEs in CBA/CaJ mice exposed to ⁵⁶Fe ions while the frequency of MN-PCEs elevated as a function of dose in the C57BL/6J mice. At day 4, there was no dose related increase in MN-NCEs in either strain of mouse exposed to ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays. Additionally, at the early sacrifice times (days 2 and 4), ⁵⁶Fe ions were slightly more effective (per unit dose) in inducing MN-NCEs than ¹³⁷Cs gamma rays in CBA/CaJ mice. However, there was no increase in the frequency of MN-NCEs at late times after an acute exposure to either type of radiation. In contrast, both types of radiation induced increased MN-PCEs frequencies in irradiated CBA/CaJ mice, but not C57BL/6J mice, at late times post-exposure. This finding indicates the potential induction of genomic instability in hematopoietic cells of CBA/CaJ mice by both types of radiation. The finding also demonstrates the influence of genetic background on radiation-induced genomic instability in vivo.     

影响PCL系统探测性能的因素分析

给出了可选作无源探测系统辐射源的信号参数,分析了目标的双基地等效反射面积、接收机噪声系数、干扰电平的组成及其相应的处理方法、PCL系统有效带宽和积累增益的关系,并对PCL系统的灵敏度和覆盖范围进行了研究.以此为基础,重新推导了双基地无源探测的距离方程.最后通过仿真分析了PCL系统可以获得的性能及其关键确定因素.