Towards a new reference model of hmF2 for IRI

A numerical model of the peak height of the F2 layer, hmF2_top, is derived from the topside sounding database of 90,000 electron density profiles for a representative set of conditions provided by ISIS1, ISIS2, IK19 and Cosmos-1809 satellites for the period of 1969–1987. The model of regular hmF2 variations is produced in terms of local time, season, geomagnetic latitude, geodetic longitude and solar radio flux. No geomagnetic activity trends were discernible in the topside sounding data. The nighttime peak of hmF2_top evident for mid-latitudes disappears near the geomagnetic equator where a maximum of hmF2_top occurs at sunset hours when it can exceed 500 km at solar maximum. The hmF2 given by the IRI exceeds hmF2_top at the low solar activities. The hmF2_top, obtained by extrapolation of the first derivative of the topside profile to zero shows saturation similar to foF2 the greater the solar activity. The proposed model differs from hmF2 given by IRI based on M(3000)F2 to hmF2 conversion by empirical relationships in terms of foF2, foE and R12 with these quantities mapped globally by the ITU-R (former CCIR) from ground-based ionosonde data. The differences can be attributed to the different techniques of the peak height derivation, different epochs and different global distribution of the source data as well as the different mathematical functions involved in the maps and the model presentation.     

Comparison of topside ionosphere scale height modeled by the Topside Sounder Model and incoherent scatter radar ionospheric model

The topside ionosphere scale height extracted from two empirical models are compared in the paper. The Topside Sounder Model (TSM) provides directly the scale height (H_T), while the incoherent scatter radar ionospheric model (ISRIM) provides electron density profiles and its scale height (H_R) is determined by the lowest gradient in the topside part of the profile. H_T and H_R are presented for 7 ISR locations along with their dependences on season, local time, solar flux F10.7, and geomagnetic index ap. Comparison reveals that H_T values are systematically lower than respective H_R values as the average offset for all 7 stations is 55 km. For the midlatitude stations Arecibo, Shigaraki, and Millstone Hill this difference is reduced to 43 km. The range of variations of H_R is much larger than that of H_T, as the H_T range overlaps the lower part of the H_R range. Dependences on ap, DoY and LT are much stronger in the ISRIM than in TSM. This results in much larger values of H_R at higher ap. Diurnal amplitude of H_R is much larger than that of H_T, with large maximum of H_R at night. The present comparison yields the conclusion that the ISR measurements provide steeper topside Ne profiles than that provided by the topside sounders.     

The variation of equatorial spread-F occurrences observed by ionosondes at Thailand longitude sector

The equatorial spread-F (ESF) is a phenomenon of ionopheric irregularities which are mainly generated by the generalized Rayleigh–Taylor (R–T) instability mechanism in conjunction with the other physical mechanisms, originated at the bottom side of the F-layer in the equatorial region after sunset. It degrades the quality of signals that propagate through these irregularities, especially in the navigation satellite system, which requires the high integrity signals. In this work, we analyze the ESF statistics obtained from the FM/CW ionosonde stations over Thailand longitude sector. One is at Chumphon (10.72°N, 99.37°E, dip latitude 3.0°), located near the geomagnetic equator, and the other station is located at Chiangmai (18.76°N, 98.93°E, dip latitude 12.7°). Both stations are as part of the South-East Asia Low Latitude Ionospheric Network (SEALION) project. The ionograms are obtained at every 15 min from September 2004 to August 2005, which has the monthly mean of solar 10.7 cm flux (F10.7) from ∼80 to ∼110. In addition, we compare the diurnal patterns between the ESF occurrences and the variation of virtual height of the F-layer bottom side (h’F) of these two stations. The results show that the ESF occurrences at Chumphon stations are higher than Chiangmai station in all seasons. The high ESF occurrences of both stations mostly occur in equinoctial months corresponded with the rapid rising of the monthly mean h’F in the post-sunset. However, some inconsistent results are still observed, implying the role of other factors such as gravity waves and planetary waves to ESF occurrences.     

Emission heights of coronal bright points on Fe XII radiance map

The study of coronal bright points (BPs) is important for understanding coronal heating and the origin of the solar wind. Previous studies indicated that coronal BPs have a highly significant tendency to coincide with magnetic neutral lines in the photosphere. Here we further studied the emission heights of the BPs above the photosphere in the bipolar magnetic loops that are apparently associated with them. As BPs are seen in projection against the disk their true emission heights are unknown. The correlation of the BP locations on the Fe XII radiance map from EIT with the magnetic field features (in particular neutral lines) was investigated in detail. The coronal magnetic field was determined by an extrapolation of the photospheric field (derived from 2-D magnetograms obtained from the Kitt Peak observatory) to different altitudes above the disk. It was found that most BPs sit on or near a photospheric neutral line, but that the emission occurs at a height of about 5 Mm. Some BPs, while being seen in projection, still seem to coincide with neutral lines, although their emission takes place at heights of more than 10 Mm. Such coincidences almost disappear for emissions above 20 Mm. We also projected the upper segments of the 3-D magnetic field lines above different heights, respectively, on to the tangent x–y plane, where x is in the east–west and y in the south–north direction. The shape of each BP was compared with the respective field-line segment nearby. This comparison suggests that most coronal BPs are actually located on the top of their associated magnetic loops. Finally, we calculated for each selected BP region the correlation coefficient between the Fe XII intensity enhancement and the horizontal component of the extrapolated magnetic field vector at the same x–y position in planes of different heights, respectively. We found that for almost all the BP regions we studied the correlation coefficient, with increasing height, increases to a maximal value and then decreases again. The height corresponding to this maximum was defined as the correlation height, which for most bright points was found to range below 20 Mm.     

波音737NG飞机无线电高度表系统典型故障分析

无线电高度表系统测量飞机到地面的真实高度。本文介绍了B737NG飞机无线电高度表系统的工作情况,对因无线电高度表系统故障引起飞机其他系统工作异常的一般现象进行了分析,介绍了排除故障过程,最后主要分析了无线电高度表系统引起的起落架警告的典型故障,并给出了维护建议。     

接力喷嘴不同径向高度和方位角对加力燃烧室 热射流点火性能的影响

为了研究不同热射流点火状态下的燃烧性能,针对采用波瓣混合器的某型航空发动机加力燃烧室,基于N-S方程建立了3维数值计算模型,得到了接力喷嘴径向高度和方位角对加力燃烧室流场、燃烧特性和流阻特性的影响规律。结果表明:随着径向高度增加,热射流火焰传播距离逐渐减小,传播到稳定器下游区域从内涵逐渐向外涵移动,且稳定器壁面高温分布区域逐渐减小;随着方位角增大,热射流火焰径向穿透深度逐渐增大,且稳定器壁面高温区域逐渐减小,在方位角α=0°和α=5°时稳定器壁温最高,为1450 K左右;在加力燃烧室出口截面上,径向高度和方位角对无量纲总压影响不大,整体小于0.005。     

反潜直升机缆位缆高控制系统实时仿真研究

通过反潜直升机吊放声纳控制系统的半实物实时仿真系统研究,建立了半实物仿真的结构和直升机与缆 数学模型,进行了相关硬件设备的研制,并编写了实时仿真软件,进行降多种条件下的半实物实时仿真研究工作。通过仿真验证了直升机上的吊放声纳飞行控制系统满足性能指标要求,仿真结果同最后实飞空测结果保持了一致。     

Influence of coupled characteristics on the internally-staged combustor under low-power operation

An ultra low emissions combustor, namely low emission stirred swirl (LESS) combustor was studied, based on a scheme of internally staged/lean premixed and prevaporized (LPP) combustion. The LESS combustor consists of central pilot stage and outer surrounded coaxially main stage, between which there exists a physical isolation, namely the step height. The existence of step height delayed the pilot and main jets mixing. Experimental and numerical studies were carried out to investigate the influence of the step height on the combustion performance. A single dome rectangular combustor was utilized to conduct the lean lightoff and blowout experiments, and pollutant emission experiments. The experimental results showed that with the increase of step height by 38%, the lean lightoff and blowout fuel air ratio decreased by 574% and 375%, the NOx emission increased by 35.1%, and the combustion efficiency increased by 1.78%; while the CO,unburned hydrocarbons (UHC) emissions decreased. Furthermore, the total pressure loss was kept nearly constant. Non reacting and reacting flow fields were numerically investigated to analyze the coupled characteristics of pilot and main jets with different step heights. A comparison of flow characteristics, spray structure, and combustion component as well as temperature field with different step heights was conducted. The numerical results showed that the increase of the step height shifted the peak velocity outwards. The enlargement of the primary recirculation zone (PRZ) resulted in the increase of the combustion efficiency and NOx emission, while the CO, UHC emissions decreeased.      

一种简易的双星定位系统定位解算方法

双星导航定位系统采用双星定位体制,其定位基本原理为三球交会测量原理,其中2颗量测量与用户到2颗卫星的距离有关,与用户高程有关的第3个量测量是决定系统定位精度的关键因素.为此,为了简化定位算法,文章根据地球椭球几何及大地纬度的相关知识,推导了与用户高程有关的第3个量测量的精确模型,进而建立了用户的定位算法.该算法具有简单...