Solar energetic particle events during the rise phases of solar cycles 23 and 24

We present a comparative study of the properties of coronal mass ejections (CMEs) and flares associated with the solar energetic particle (SEP) events in the rising phases of solar cycles (SC) 23 (1996–1998) (22 events) and 24 (2009–2011) (20 events), which are associated with type II radio bursts. Based on the SEP intensity, we divided the events into three categories, i.e. weak (intensity < 1 pfu), minor (1 pfu < intensity < 10 pfu) and major (intensity ? 10 pfu) events. We used the GOES data for the minor and major SEP events and SOHO/ERNE data for the weak SEP event. We examine the correlation of SEP intensity with flare size and CME properties. We find that most of the major SEP events are associated with halo or partial halo CMEs originating close to the sun center and western-hemisphere. The fraction of halo CMEs in SC 24 is larger than the SC 23. For the minor SEP events one event in SC23 and one event in SC24 have widths < 120° and all other events are associated with halo or partial halo CMEs as in the case of major SEP events. In case of weak SEP events, majority (more than 60%) of events are associated with CME width < 120°. For both the SC the average CMEs speeds are similar. For major SEP events, average CME speeds are higher in comparison to minor and weak events. The SEP event intensity and GOES X-ray flare size are poorly correlated. During the rise phase of solar cycle 23 and 24, we find north–south asymmetry in the SEP event source locations: in cycle 23 most sources are located in the south, whereas during cycle 24 most sources are located in the north. This result is consistent with the asymmetry found with sunspot area and intense flares.     

月球轨道编队超长波天文观测微卫星任务

月球背面能够有效屏蔽来自地球并同时遮挡来自太阳的射电信号干扰,拥有太阳系中近乎最安静的电磁环境,是开展空间超长波天文观测的最佳选择区域。在立足完成空间干涉实验的基本任务目标基础、并力争实现重大科学发现的研究思路基础上,研制并发射两颗微卫星,搭载"嫦娥4号"任务进入地月转移轨道,自主完成地月转移、近月制动,在有效燃料约束下形成环月大椭圆轨道编队,构建环月超长波天文干涉仪。说明了系统的工作模式,对数据处理与科学分析方法进行了论述,包括数据预处理、干涉成像与全天功率谱获取角度,进而从支持服务模块和科学载荷模型两个方面对微卫星方案进行了简要概述,凝练了项目任务解决的关键科学与技术问题。月球轨道编队超长波天文观测微卫星的实施将通过全球首个绕月近距编队飞行系统,构建全球首个星–星干涉射电天文观测系统,进而打开人类认识宇宙的新窗口。     

基于力矩输出能力最优的SGCMG操纵律设计

为使SGCMG系统在有效回避奇异的同时能够较精确地输出期望力矩, 设计了一种基于力矩输出能力最优原理的SGCMG联合操纵律. 根据期望力矩矢量及SGCMG力矩输出的几何关系, 提出了新的系统奇异状态指标, 给出使力矩输出能力最优的框架角速度; 引入优化指标, 使得框架转速误差和输出力矩误差的混合二次型最小, 保证在力矩输出能力达到最优的同时也使得输出力矩误差最小. 采用奇异值分解理论证明了联合操纵律在奇异面处不存在框架锁定现象, 能够有效地逃离奇异, 同时分析了所设计操纵律的力矩输出误差. 以金字塔构型SGCMG系统为例, 对所设计的联合操纵律分别进行了恒定力矩仿真和卫星大角度机动仿真. 仿真结果表明, 联合操纵律能够顺利回避角动量奇异面, 不存在奇异鲁棒操纵律存在的框架锁定现象, 且输出力矩误差较非对角奇异鲁棒操纵律小, 能够顺利完成航天器大角度机动任务.      

"北斗"陆基增强系统岸台同步技术研究

导航信号同步技术是无线电导航系统的关键技术.本文介绍了"北斗"陆基增强系统的技术方案,对该系统导航信号同步技术进行了分析.利用"北斗"单向授时技术实现导航台时钟同步;采用CPLD器件设计同步脉冲提取电路及同步调整电路;利用直接频率合成技术产生高精度、高稳定度的扩频伪码时钟.实测数据分析表明,通过"北斗"授时可以保证陆基增强系统的导航台链具有较高的时钟同步精度.     

Ionospheric responses to the 21 August 2017 great American solar eclipse – A multi-instrument study

Herein, we report on the ionospheric responses to a total solar eclipse that occurred on 21 August 2017 over the US region. Ground-based GPS total electron content (TEC) data along with ground-based measurements (Millstone Hill Observatory (MHO) and digital ionosondes) and space-based measurements (COSMIC radio occultation (RO) technique) allowed us to identify eclipse-associated ionospheric responses. TEC data at ~20°, ~30°, and ~40°N latitudes from the west to east longitudes show not only considerable depression but also wave-like characteristics in TEC both in the path of totality and away from it, exclusively on the day of eclipse. Interestingly, the observed depressions are associated with lesser (higher) magnitudes at stations over which the solar obscuration percentage was meager (significant), a clear indication of bow-wave-like features. The MHO observes a 30% reduction in F₂-layer electron densities between 180 and 220 km on eclipse day. Ionosonde-scaled parameters over Boulder (40.4°N, 100°E) and Austin (30.4°N, 94.4°E) show a significant decrease in critical frequencies while an altitude elevation is seen in the virtual heights of the F-layer only during the eclipse day and that decreases are associated with wave-like signatures, which could be attributed to eclipse-generated waves. The estimated vertical electron density profile from the COSMIC RO-based technique shows a maximum depletion of 40%. Relatively intense and moderate depths of TEC depression, considerable reductions in the F₂-layer electron densities measured by the MHO and COSMIC RO-measured densities at the F₂-layer peak, and elevations in virtual heights and reduction in the critical frequencies measured by ionosondes during the eclipse day could be due to the eclipse-induced dynamical effects such as gravity waves (GWs) and their associated electro-dynamical effects (modification of ionospheric electric fields due to GWs).     

Large constellations assessment and optimization in LEO space debris environment

Recent plans for large constellations in Low-Earth Orbit have opened the debate on both their vulnerability and their influence on the already hazardous space debris environment. In fact, given that large constellations normally employ satellites of small size, there might be situations in which cm-size debris could have enough energy to cause fragmentation of a significant part of these spacecraft upon impact, while smaller debris could affect the functionalities of critical subsystems, even compromising the success of disposal operations planned at end-of-life. In this context, this paper investigates: (1) collisions with large objects that could initiate the fragmentation of a significant part of the satellite, and (2) impacts with small debris that might perforate the spacecraft hull thus causing relevant performance/functionality degradation. These two points are merged in a simple statistical tool for risk assessment, which analyses the effects of the main parameters of the constellations on its vulnerability (i.e. operational life, number of satellites, spacecraft cross section, satellites reliability). In more details, the tool relates impact probability (for both small and large debris) to the ballistic response of spacecraft structures and protections, defining the critical configurations that might compromise the expected disposal operations. This method requires a limited knowledge of the spacecraft internal layout, as it is based on a statistical analysis of impact damage instead of a complete evaluation of the vulnerability of each subsystem. In parallel, non-debris related failures are also investigated and statistic models of spacecraft reliability characteristic are proposed. Among the results, it is shown that reducing the lifetime of individual satellites in a constellation might improve the success rate of post-mission disposal, thanks to the reduction of the spacecraft exposure to the space environment with the consequential degradation of its performance. On the other hand, reducing the lifetime would seriously affect the debris environment: the increase in traffic in the most crowded altitudes would be not counterbalanced by the higher post mission disposal success rate, causing an overall increase of the total number of uncontrolled resident objects.     

某型无线电高度表灵敏度超差故障分析及排除

针对某型无线电高度表在进行总体测试中经常出现灵敏度超差这一故障现象，对测试原理和工作原理进行分析，并提出利用防泄磁装置对电耦合器进行防护的解决方案。     

基于辅助进气门的进气道/发动机一体化稳定性控制研究

为了实现发动机在大机动飞行时高品质稳定运行,提出了一种基于辅助进气门调节的进气道/发动机一体化稳定性控制方法。基于进气道CFD模型,通过飞行条件和辅助进气门开度计算出口性能参数,考虑总压畸变对风扇特性的影响,建立了进气道实时模型和总压畸变模型,并将其与发动机部件级模型匹配,建立进/发一体化模型。为了直接控制发动机安全裕度,选取发动机部分可测参数作为输入,通过非线性拟合方法建立风扇喘振裕度实时估计模型,相比于直接压比控制可以充分发挥发动机的潜能。进/发一体化控制是通过调节辅助进气门开度,控制进气道出口总压恢复系数,以满足发动机进口截面需求,并基于H∞鲁棒控制实现对发动机的转速和安全裕度的控制。仿真结果表明,所提出的方法可以实现发动机在大机动飞行过程中安全稳定工作,推力损失不超过2%。     

空间目标光电巡天策略的优化

随着空间目标与碎片数量的激增,传统的基于目标跟踪的空间目标光电监视手段已不能满足需求,近年出现了面向空域的空间目标巡天观测。针对空间目标巡天观测的特点,同时考虑空间目标观测的目标个数和数据量,提出了一种空间目标巡天观测策略,并建立了相应的空间目标光电巡天优化数学模型。模型中通过0-1变量的使用,实现了目标函数和约束条件的线性化,十分有利于大规模问题的求解,能够更好地满足实际需求。仿真计算表明:策略简单,易于实现,并且有很好的效果;通过优化,只需要少量望远镜即能实现大批量空间目标的监视,并保持一定的观测数据量,为空间目标光电监视策略提供了新的思路。     

无线电引信抗海杂波干扰方法

无线电引信抗海杂波的能力决定了舰空导弹无线电引信低空和超低空工作性能,针对海杂波对无线电引信的影响,分析了海面回波的平均功率、海面散射系数、海杂波的多普勒频谱等海杂波特性,提出了无线电引信抗海杂波干扰方法。