基于分段FOX方法的民航LTO黑碳质量排放清单计算分析

根据民用航空发动机压比提出分段FOX(formation and oxidation)方法,估算民用航空发动机LTO(landing and takeoff)循环黑碳(BC)颗粒质量排放指数,结合航空发动机机场实际运行时间和燃油流量修正,编制了2018年国内某国际机场某周国内民航航班黑碳颗粒质量排放清单。结果表明:考虑燃油流量修正的分段FOX方法对民用航空发动机慢车、进近等低工况的黑碳颗粒质量估算精度较FOX方法提高1~2倍,爬升、起飞等高工况估算值更接近实验值。考虑民航实际运行时间和燃油流量后,2018年此国际机场国内民航进出港LTO循环黑碳颗粒质量周排放量约300 kg,其中B737、A320等中型机离港(起飞和爬升阶段为主)阶段排放贡献超70%。      

A novel data association scheme for LEO space debris surveillance based on a double fence radar system

The increasing amount of space debris threatens to seriously deteriorate and damage space-based instruments in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) environments. Therefore, LEO space debris surveillance systems must be developed to provide situational awareness in space and issue warnings of collisions with LEO space debris. In this paper, a double fence radar system is proposed as an emerging paradigm for LEO space debris surveillance. This system exhibits several unique and promising characteristics compared with existing surveillance systems. In this paper, we also investigate the data association scheme for LEO space debris surveillance based on a double fence radar system. We also perform a theoretical analysis of the performance of our proposed scheme. The superiority and the effectiveness of our novel data association scheme is demonstrated by experimental results. The data used in our experiments is the LEO space debris catalog produced by the North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) up to 2009, especially for scenarios with high densities of LEO space debris, which were primarily produced by the collisions between Iridium 33 and Cosmos 2251. We hope that our work will stimulate and benefit future work on LEO space debris surveillance approaches and enable construction of the double fence radar system.     

利用高斯伪谱法求解小推力伴星最优释放轨迹

针对近距离相对运动的轨道控制问题,提出用常值小推力完成最优转移的方法。基于C-W方程,推导了相对运动解析解的表达式,讨论了在无控条件下能够形成稳定绕飞构型的初始相对速度和相对位置的限制条件,以此限制条件作为终端条件,以伴星释放时近似为零的相对速度和相对位置为初始条件,建立了利用连续小推力实现的伴星释放最优控制问题的模型。选用了高斯伪谱法将最优控制问题离散化,转化成非线性规划问题并通过系列二次规划法完成求解。数值仿真算例表明,利用高斯伪谱法求解此问题可以有效地收敛到最优解。     

近地轨道集群航天器电磁编队飞行非线性反馈控制方法

针对近地轨道集群航天器电磁编队飞行的动力学和控制问题, 提出了一种非线性反馈控制方法. 基于电磁力模型和地磁场模型, 分析了地磁场对近地轨道电磁编队的影响; 建立了集群航天器电磁编队高精度相对轨道动力学模型; 基于Lyapunov稳定性理论设计了一种非线性反馈控制律, 利用该方法对两星电磁编队维持控制进行了仿真验证. 仿真结果表明, 地磁场引起的电磁干扰力可以忽略, 但是电磁干扰力矩的影响必须考虑; 近地轨道集群航天器电磁编队是可控的, 所设计的控制方法是可行的.      

Boundedness of Formation Configuration for Nonlinear Three-body Dynamics

The configuration boundedness of the three-body model dynamics is studied for Sun-Earth formation flying missions. The three-body formation flying model is built up with considering the lunar gravitational acceleration and solar radiation pressure. Because traditional linearized dynamics based method has relatively lower accuracy, a modified nonlinear formation configuration analysis method is proposed in this paper. Comparative studies are carried out from three aspects, i.e., natural formation configuration with arbitrary departure time, initialization time and formation configuration boundedness, and specific initialization time for bounded formation configuration. Simulations demonstrate the differences between the two schemes, and indicate that the nonlinear dynamic method reduces the error caused by the model linearization and disturbance approximation, and thus provides higher accuracy for boundedness analysis, which is of value to initial parameters selection for natural three-body formation flying.      

The role of ultraviolet imaging in studies of resolved and unresolved young stellar populations. M31 and M33

We discuss the relevance of UV data in the detection and characterization of hot massive stars and young stellar populations in galaxies. We show results from recent extensive surveys in M31 and M33 with Hubble Space Telescope (HST) multi-wavelength data including UV filters, which imaged several regions at a linear resolution (projected) of less than half a pc in these galaxies, and from GALEX far-UV and near-UV wide-field, low-resolution imaging of the entire galaxies. Both datasets allow us to study the hierarchical structure of star formation: the youngest stellar groups are the most compact, and are often arranged within broader, sparser structures. The derived recent star-formation rates are rather similar for the two galaxies, when scaled for the respective areas. We show how uncertainties in metallicity and type of selective extinction for the internal reddening may affect the results, and how an appropriate complement of UV filters could reduce such uncertainties, and significantly alleviate some parameter degeneracies.     

Optimal H∞ robust output feedback control for satellite formation in arbitrary elliptical reference orbits

A two degree-of-freedom signal-based optimal H_∞ robust output feedback controller is designed for satellite formation in an arbitrary elliptical reference orbit. Based on high-fidelity linearized dynamics of relative motion, uncertainties introduced by non-zero eccentricity and gravitational J2 perturbation are separated to construct a robust control model. Furthermore, a distributed robust control model is derived by modifying the perturbed robust control model of each satellite with the eigenvalues of the Laplacian matrix of the communication graph, which represent uncertainty in the communication topology. A signal-based optimal H_∞ robust controller is then designed primarily. Considering that the uncertainties involved in the distributed robust control model have a completely diagonal structure, the corresponding analyses are made through structured singular value theory to reduce the conservativeness. Based on simulation results, further designs including increasing the degrees of freedom of the controller, modifying the performance and control weighted functions, adding a post high-pass filter according to the dynamic characteristics, and reducing the control model are made to improve the control performance. Nonlinear simulations demonstrate that the resultant optimal H_∞ robust output feedback controller satisfies the robust performance requirements under uncertainties caused by non-zero eccentricity, J2 perturbation, and varying communication topology, and that 5 m accuracy in terms of stable desired formation configuration can be achieved by the presented optimal H_∞ robust controller. In addition to considering the widely discussed uncertainties caused by the orbit of each satellite in a formation, the optimal H_∞ robust output feedback control model presented in the current work considers the uncertainties caused by varying communication topology in the satellite formation that works in a cooperative way. Other new improvements include adopting a new method to more accurately describe and analyze the effects of the higher-order J2 perturbation, combining all the uncertainties into a diagonal structure, and utilizing a structured singular value to synthesize and analyze the controller.     

基于卫星自旋的纯引力轨道万有引力干扰抑制

一个称为“内卫星”的验证质量块位于外卫星的内部空腔中,不与外卫星接触而自由飞行,由于外卫星的屏蔽,其不受大气阻力、太阳光压等干扰作用,沿着纯引力轨道飞行。外卫星会对内卫星产生万有引力作用,是内卫星纯引力轨道的主要残余干扰。根据卫星相对运动动力学方程,建立了万有引力干扰对内卫星纯引力轨道影响的分析模型;基于将外卫星绕轨道面法向旋转以调制万有引力的策略,建立了外卫星自旋对万有引力干扰影响的抑制模型。以内编队纯引力飞行系统为例,对比计算了外卫星有无自旋时万有引力干扰对内卫星纯引力轨道的影响。基于模型的分析表明,外卫星自旋能够显著抑制万有引力干扰对内卫星纯引力轨道的长期影响;实例计算表明,万有引力干扰的天长期影响能够降低5~7个数量级。     

不完备轨道信息下的LEO轨道面内机动检测方法

针对某些因轨道信息不完整而无法直接外推的LEO轨道飞行器的机动检测问题,提出了一种基于轨道摄动影响的面内机动检测方法。该方法将半长轴和偏心率作为检测量,通过分析大气阻力摄动和J 2 项摄动对 LEO 飞行器轨道的影响,从而确定目标飞行器的轨道参数允许边界值,再通过和实际轨道参数进行比较来判定被检测数据点参数是否超出正常范围。最后,采用这种方法对X\|37B飞行器轨道数据进行了仿真验证,共检测出10个机动点,结果表明该方法可以较为准确地利用有限轨道信息检测目标的轨道机动情况。     

High-precision single-input control of relative motion in spacecraft formation

A Newton-type method is proposed to improve the accuracy of control for relative motion of two satellites in close formation. We assume that the deputy satellite is equipped with a passive attitude control system that provides one-axis stabilization, and one or two orbit control thrusters are installed along the stabilized axis. Previous studies show that it is possible to construct periodic relative trajectories both in case of passive magnetic and spin stabilization. However, the accuracy of the numerically obtained control is quite low due to modeling errors caused by linearization of the equations of relative motion. Therefore, a correction procedure is required to compensate for nonlinear effects. To this end we suggest a recently developed algorithm based on the Newton method for solving nonlinear systems with geometric constraints. Being implemented, this algorithm allows decreasing the modeling error by up to ten times. The previously found control and trajectory of the linearized system are used as initial approximations.