无人机编队飞行技术的研究现状与展望

无人机编队飞行是无人机及其应用技术发展研究的新热点.在分析无人机编队飞行特点的基础上,阐述了无人机编队飞行原理与方法的研究现状,并展望了其今后的主要应用前景.     

低空飞行器变质量矩控制响应特性研究

在建立碟形飞行器变质量矩控制数学模型的基础上,对低空飞行器变质量矩控制的响应特性进行了仿真研究。结果表明,变质量矩控制将使飞行器状态产生扰动。分析认为,空气动力在控制过渡过程中发生突变导致了这种扰动的产生。空气动力的这种影响在低空飞行器变质量矩控制系统设计中必须加以分析和考虑。     

微飞行器技术的最新发展

近年来由于军事发展需要,微飞行器发展迅速。微飞行器实际上是一套可在空中飞行的复杂多功能微机电系统,正日趋微型化。本文扼要介绍了微飞行器技术的最新发展。     

Formation and Composition of Planetesimals

The composition of planetesimals depends upon the epoch and the location of their formation in the solar nebula. Meteorites produced in the hot inner nebula contain refractory compounds. Volatiles were present in icy planetesimals and cometesimals produced in the cold outer nebula. However, the mechanism responsible for their trapping is still controversial. We argue for a general scenario valid in all regions of the turbulent nebula where water condensed as a crystalline ice (Hersant et al., 2004). Volatiles were trapped in the form of clathrate hydrates in the continuously cooling nebula. The epoch of clathration of a given species depends upon the temperature and the pressure required for the stability of the clathrate hydrate. The efficiency of the mechanism depends upon the local amount of ice available. This scenario is the only one so far which proposes a quantitative interpretation of the non detection of N₂ in several comets of the Oort cloud (Iro et al., 2003). It may explain the large variation of the CO abundance observed in comets and predicts an Ar/O ratio much less than the upper limit of 0.1 times the solar ratio estimated on C/2001 A2 (Weaver et al., 2002). Under the assumption that the amount of water ice present at 5 AU was higher than the value corresponding to the solar O/H ratio by a factor 2.2 at least, the clathration scenario reproduces the quasi uniform enrichment with respect to solar of the Ar, Kr, Xe, C, N and S elements measured in Jupiter by the Galileo probe. The interpretation of the non-uniform enrichment in C, N and S in Saturn requires that ice was less abundant at 10 AU than at 5 AU so that CO and N₂ were not clathrated in the feeding zone of the planet while CH₄, NH₃ and H₂S were. As a result, the 14N/15N ratio in Saturn should be intermediate between that in Jupiter and the terrestrial ratio. Ar and Kr should be solar while Xe should be enriched by a factor 17. The enrichments in C, N and S in Uranus and Neptune suggest that available ice was able to form clathrates of CH₄, CO and the NH₃ hydrate, but not the clathrate of N₂. The enrichment of oxygen by a factor 440 in Neptune inferred by Lodders and Fegley (1994) from the detection of CO in the troposphere of the planet is higher by at least a factor 2.5 than the lower limit of O/H required for the clathration of CO and CH4 and for the hydration of NH₃. If CO detected by Encrenaz et al. (2004) in Uranus originates from the interior of the planet, the O/H ratio in the envelope must be around of order of 260 times the solar ratio, then also consistent with the trapping of detected volatiles by clathration. It is predicted that Ar and Kr are solar in the two planets while Xe would be enriched by a factor 30 to 70. Observational tests of the validity of the clathration scenario are proposed.     

原位钛基复合材料中TiB的生成热力学及动力学

采用自蔓延高温合成（SHS）、感应熔炼和熔模精铸相结合的方法，利用Ti—B—Al体系制备出了原位自生TiB增强的钛基复合材料。借助XRD、SEM和TEM分析了复合材料的物相和增强体的形态。结果表明：在复合材料中只存在TiB增强体和Ti，无TiAl3杂质相形成，TiB增强体呈柱状短纤维，这与其B27晶体结构有关，且增强体／基体界面清洁无杂质污染，并从热力学和动力学两方面论述了在Ti—B—Al体系中制备TiB增强体的生成机制：在Ti-B—Al体系中，Al首先受热熔化使得Ti和B相继溶解于Al液中；Ti与Al之间先行发生化学反应形成Ti—Al金属间化合物，放出的热量进一步引发了溶解于液相中的B和Ti产生高温自蔓延形成Ti—B化合物。以热力学理论分析，应最终形成TiB2，但实际上由于动力学影响，最终形成了TiB。     

飞翼式UCAV低空段动静稳定性研究

采用飞翼式气动布局的UCAV能够很好地满足现代作战的要求。这种非常规布局的飞机, 由于它缺少尾翼, 对于飞机的动静稳定性分析来说是一个挑战。对于无垂尾飞机, 其稳定性的主要努力方向应该在低空段。本文在低空段, 对于飞机的纵向和侧向运动上采用解藕的分析方法获得飞机的运动方程; 接着根据风洞试验的数据, 在MATLAB中建立仿真模型获得飞机的仿真曲线, 通过对仿真曲线的分析, 验证了飞机的纵向和侧向的不稳定性。最后, 通过与已经成功应用于实战的B-2隐形飞机的对比, 分析了在应用控制增稳的控制技术后, 飞翼式布局的UCAV的实用性。     

L10-TiAl金属间化合物Mn,Nb合金化电子结构的计算

采用第一原理赝势平面波方法计算了L10型TiAl金属间化合物中掺入Mn,Nb后的电子结构和价键结构.通过合金原子形成热得出Mn优先占据Al点阵位置,Nb优先占据Ti点阵位置.Mulliken聚居数分析发现Mn或Nb合金化后,分别降低了(001)和(002)面内的原子间键合强度,掺入Nb还降低了层间的原子间键合强度,而掺入Mn,则使层间原子间键合强度增加.整体上来讲,掺入Mn有利于改善TiAl的室温脆性,而掺入Nb,不利于改善TiAl的室温脆性.     

大后掠飞翼布局无人机操纵面特性及控制研究

飞翼布局飞机由于取消了常规安定面,导致其稳定特性发生了很大的改变.针对所建立的大后掠飞翼模型,给出了一套典型的操纵面布置方案,通过CFD计算后,对各舵面气动特性进行了分析,在升降舵、副翼和阻力方向舵偏转过程中对各气动参数的影响进行了研究,给控制系统的设计提供了依据.同时,研究了开裂式阻力舵开裂后引起的纵横航向耦合运动及其控制情况.     

碟形飞行器复合控制主次分配策略

针对碟形飞行器复合控制系统中变质量矩控制子系统的响应特点,提出了变质量矩,推力矢量复合控制的主次分配策略。仿真研究表明,这一分配策略不仅克服了变质量矩控制子系统的扰动影响,而且能够实现变质量矩控制和推力矢量控制两种控制方式的优势互补,达到了良好的控制性能。     

飞翼布局无人航空器气动特性研究

飞翼布局飞机取消了尾翼,拥有良好的气动、隐身特性,但操纵效率有所下降,需要在飞机设计过程中合理地布置操纵面,改善飞翼飞机在操纵性能上的缺陷,因此,飞翼飞机的操纵面不仅要提供足够的控制力,同时还要满足飞机的稳定性要求.对飞翼布局飞机的气动特性和基本操稳特性做理论分析,并利用试验做实际对比,研究飞机的气动特性,分析各操纵面的功能、操纵特性以及存在的问题,为增强飞机稳定性和设计增稳系统增加依据.