基于加速度频响函数小波分解的模型修正方法

为提高模型修正效率,满足修正方法对于实测环境噪声的鲁棒性,将Kriging模型和小波分解引入加速度频响函数模型修正。首先,将加速度频响函数进行小波分解,用得到的第1层幅值较大的小波系数来表征原频响函数。其次,采用拉丁超立方抽样对初选待修正参数进行设计,根据设计结果对各参数进行灵敏度分析,从而确定模型修正的待修正参数,以待修正参数作为Kriging模型输入,所对应的小波系数作为Kriging模型输出,通过混合灰狼算法寻得最优Kriging模型相关系数,建立精确有效的Kriging模型。最后,以目标加速度频响函数小波分解的小波系数与Kriging模型输出的小波系数差值最小为目标,通过水循环算法求解模型待修正参数。数值算例表明,所提模型修正方法具有良好的修正效果,即使在加速度频响函数中加入信噪比为5 dB的高斯白噪声时,修正误差也低于4%,证明了该方法对于随机噪声的鲁棒性。     

A study of morphing aircraft on morphing rules along trajectory

Morphing aircraft can meet requirements of multi-mission during the whole flight due to changing the aerodynamic shape, so it is necessary to study its morphing rules along the trajectory. However, trajectory planning considering morphing variables requires a huge number of expensive CFD computations due to the morphing in view of aerodynamic performance. Under the given missions and trajectory, to alleviate computational cost and improve trajectory-planning efficiency for morphing aircraft, an offline optimization method is proposed based on Multi-Fidelity Kriging (MFK) modeling. The angle of attack, Mach number, sweep angle and axial position of the morphing wing are defined as variables for generating training data for building the MFK models, in which many inviscid aerodynamic solutions are used as low-fidelity data, while the less high-fidelity data are obtained by solving viscous flow. Then the built MFK models of the lift, drag and pressure centre at the different angles of attack and Mach numbers are used to predict the aerodynamic performance of the morphing aircraft, which keeps the optimal sweep angle and axial position of the wing during trajectory planning. Hence, the morphing rules can be correspondingly acquired along the trajectory, as well as keep the aircraft with the best aerodynamic performance during the whole task. The trajectory planning of a morphing aircraft was performed with the optimal aerodynamic performance based on the MFK models, built by only using 240 low-fidelity data and 110 high-fidelity data. The results indicate that a complex trajectory can take advantage of morphing rules in keeping good aerodynamic performance, and the proposed method is more efficient than trajectory optimization by reducing 86% of the computing time.     

基于正交法和Kriging模型的液体火箭发动机液膜冷却优化

通过FLUENT对火箭发动机推力室中跨临界甲烷液膜冷却稳态流场进行数值传热计算。根据正交法设计试验,得到不同膜孔孔径、轴向夹角、径向夹角和孔型四个影响因素共同作用下的冷却效果,选出最优的膜孔几何参数组合.在采用最优膜孔几何参数组合的条件下,基于最优拉丁超立方抽样建立Kriging模型,利用遗传算法得到多目标条件下最优的跨临界液膜质量流量、冷却环带的分配比和位置。结果表明,正交法和Kriging模型可以解决液体火箭发动机液膜冷却优化高设计成本和数值噪声问题。正交试验设计考虑的因素中,影响冷却效率和不均匀度的最大的因素依次为孔型、孔径、径向夹角和轴向夹角。最优的几何参数组合为孔径0.003mm,轴向夹角45°,径向夹角15°,孔型为扩散型。建立的Kriging模型能准确反映液膜质量流量、液膜分配比和冷却环带位置与目标函数的关系。最终得到的优化方案平均冷却效率提高4.9%,不均匀度减少0.025,比冲损失增加0.37%,总目标函数提高184%。优化后涡对的不对称性使得冷却剂展向分布更加均匀,同时反向涡对衰减更快,增强了液膜的附壁性,从而提高冷却效果。     

粒子群优化的Kriging近似模型及其在可靠性分析中的应用

将粒子群优化(PSO)算法引入Kriging建模过程,依靠PSO算法的群体搜索能力克服了模式搜索法单点序列搜索方式的局限性以及严重依赖于初猜解的缺点,保证了在任意初始条件下都能获取极大似然意义下的最优相关参数,从而有效确保了Kriging预测结果的最优无偏性.涡轮盘低循环疲劳可靠性分析实例表明,粒子群优化的Kriging(PSO-Kriging)近似模型对危险点周向应变变程的预测精度相对神经网络有数量级上的优势(最大误差由5.94%降低到0.09%),可不牺牲精度地代替有限元程序进行Monte Carlo模拟;同时PSO-Kriging建模与预测的总时间不及一次有限元分析的1/10.由于预测精度高(其最优无偏性由PSO算法保证)且计算开销不大,提出的PSO-Kriging对于实际工程结构的可靠性分析有一定应用价值.      

基于降维可视化与Kriging的齿轮振动可靠性分析

针对齿轮振动可靠性分析时计算量大、计算精度低等问题,提出一种基于降维可视化技术和Kriging模型的可靠性分析方法.通过Monte Carlo法生成抽样点,采用降维可视化技术将多维空间降至二维极特征空间,通过Kriging模型预测失效域与安全域的分界线,在预测分界线时,借助Kriging非线性预测和误差分析的特性,通过一种主动学习选点的方式建立Kriging预测模型,来提高样本点的利用率.通过齿轮振动可靠性的算例表明:相比于传统的降维可视化技术,调用极限状态函数由975次减少为149次,计算时间由12400s减小为1810s,可靠度与100000次Monte Carlo模拟计算结果基本吻合一致,验证了该算法的正确性和有效性.      

Efficient aerodynamic shape optimization using variable-fidelity surrogate models and multilevel computational grids

A variable-fidelity method can remarkably improve the efficiency of a design optimization based on a high-fidelity and expensive numerical simulation, with assistance of lower-fidelity and cheaper simulation(s). However, most existing works only incorporate “two” levels of fidelity, and thus efficiency improvement is very limited. In order to reduce the number of high-fidelity simulations as many as possible, there is a strong need to extend it to three or more fidelities. This article proposes a novel variable-fidelity optimization approach with application to aerodynamic design. Its key ingredient is the theory and algorithm of a Multi-level Hierarchical Kriging (MHK), which is referred to as a surrogate model that can incorporate simulation data with arbitrary levels of fidelity. The high-fidelity model is defined as a CFD simulation using a fine grid and the lower-fidelity models are defined as the same CFD model but with coarser grids, which are determined through a grid convergence study. First, sampling shapes are selected for each level of fidelity via technique of Design of Experiments (DoE). Then, CFD simulations are conducted and the output data of varying fidelity is used to build initial MHK models for objective (e.g. C_D) and constraint (e.g. C_L, C_m) functions. Next, new samples are selected through infill-sampling criteria and the surrogate models are repetitively updated until a global optimum is found. The proposed method is validated by analytical test cases and applied to aerodynamic shape optimization of a NACA0012 airfoil and an ONERA M6 wing in transonic flows. The results confirm that the proposed method can significantly improve the optimization efficiency and apparently outperforms the existing single-fidelity or two-level-fidelity method.     

涡轮叶片的气动-热-结构多学科设计优化研究

涡轮叶片设计是典型的多学科问题,在保证结果精度的同时必须重视计算效率.通过控制样本的数量和质量,近似模型能够在保证一定精度的前提下,简化多学科优化过程中的数据管理,并提高优化效率.通过分析涡轮转子叶片的气动-热-结构三个学科的设计过程和数据传递关系,充分利用各学科现有的分析工具,建立了涡轮叶片的气动-热-结构多学科优化设计框架.对某涡轮转子叶片分别使用Kriging近似模型和精确分析方法进行优化对比,可以看出两者的结果误差约为1.86%,而效率提高了将近46%,表明采用近似方法的优化结果在工程上是可用的,而且在计算效率更占优势.      

锥导乘波体气动代理建模方法研究

传统的气动计算方法计算繁琐、计算效率低,不适应于乘波体多学科设计优化,通过建立气动代理模型可以很好地解决气动计算精度和效率的矛盾.利用面元法进行气动估算,采集了锥导乘波体在设计点、非设计点的气动特性作为训练数据,构建了Kriging和LS-SVM代理模型,对比了两种模型对此高维问题的代理效果.结果表明,Kriging代理模型能更准确地表达锥导乘波体的气动特性,应用代理模型进行优化等工作的计算效率与传统气动计算方法相比有显著的提高.     

基于Kriging模型的离心叶轮结构优化设计

研究了以减重为目标的航空发动机离心叶轮结构优化问题,将Kriging模型与遗传算法相结合,应用拉丁方试验设计和有限元分析生成初始样本数据,利用初始样本数据建立离心叶轮重量和最大应力等状态参数的Kriging模型,运用遗传算法对该Kriging模型在设计空间进行全局寻优,利用有限元分析方法计算近似最优设计点的状态参数,并以此更新已有的设计样本数据,不断提高Kriging模型的近似精度.计算结果表明,基于Kriging模型-遗传算法的离心叶轮结构优化设计方法不仅可以获得良好的优化结果,比直接用遗传算法寻优减少了大量计算时间,提高了设计效率,同多项式模型-遗传算法相比也有效率优势.     

耦合梯度与分级Kriging模型的高效气动优化方法

Kriging代理模型中引入梯度信息能够提高模型的预测精度,但常规耦合梯度的方法都有不足之处。本文结合分级Kriging模型,提出了一种变可信度分级Kriging模型耦合梯度（GEHK）信息的新方法。首先利用梯度信息,选取扰动步长得到初始样本点附近的派生点,以派生点拟合出能够预测目标函数趋势的低精度Kriging模型。然后以初始样本点修正该模型得到高精度的Kriging模型。翼型减阻优化设计算例表明,与常规耦合梯度的Kriging模型相比,基于分级Kriging的梯度耦合方法对于扰动步长引入的误差不敏感,明显提高了模型预测精度,优化效率因此提升并使得目标函数值下降得更加迅速。相比Euler解作为低精度数据的常规分级Kriging模型,由梯度信息得到的派生点为模型提供了更准确的全局趋势预测,取得了更好的优化结果。本文方法成功应用于翼型多点减阻优化问题,说明该方法对复杂设计问题有很好的适应性。基于分级Kriging模型的耦合梯度方法克服了常规方法的缺点,提高了模型全局拟合精度,是一种优化效率更高的Kriging方法。