基于混沌理论滚动轴承振动稳健化试验数据的动态分析

提出改进的Huber M方法是以中位数和Huber M方法两种稳健化处理相融合的一种对数据进行稳健化处理的方法.用中位数和数据平均值相似度判断数据是否有变异,根据变异率变化趋势确定变异率.发现在0%~10%变异率范围内,滚动轴承振动数据的连续性和可信度随着变异率的增加而增强.用混沌理论分析滚动轴承的动态特性,发现同一批次的滚动轴承振动有相同的时间延时、嵌入维数、最大Lyapunov指数,其中最大Lyapunov指数均大于0即属于混沌特征,进一步计算最大可预测周期,最大可预测周期为667个单位.滚动轴承振动时间序列物理空间的中位数和相空间的估计关联维数为非线性非单调性的内在运行机制,为滚动轴承振动的动态分析进一步提供可靠的依据.      

一种基于系数择优的低阶球谐电离层延迟改正模型

针对单频接收机的电离层延迟改正问题, 提出了一种基于系数择优的低阶球谐电离层延迟改正模型. 按照电离层延迟改正模型参数择优问题的描述, 明确参数优化的目标和约束条件, 根据参数选择可编码的特点, 提出了利用遗传算法进行参数择优的方法及步骤. 以欧洲定轨中心(CODE)提供的电离层数据作为参考标准, 对参数择优模型、 低阶球谐模型和Klobuchar模型模拟的区域电离层VTEC精度进行了比较分析. 结果表明, 较之相同系数个数的低阶球谐模型, 参数择优模型精度平均改进了1～2TECU, 而且比Klobuchar模型及低阶球谐模型能更好地反映电离层的周日变化及纬度变化特征.      

最差性能最优的稳健宽带Capon波束形成算法

针对常规Capon波束形成易受期望信号导向矢量失配的影响,提出了一种基于广义特征值分解的稳健宽带Capon波束形成算法。算法利用空间响应偏差约束实现宽带频率不变波束形成,同时增加期望信号导向矢量的不确定集约束,改善了算法对导向矢量偏差的稳健性,推导出自适应权矢量的两类近似闭式解。仿真结果表明,与现有的稳健宽带波束形成算法相比,算法在改善波束频响一致性的同时,提高了阵列输出信干噪比,对期望信号导向矢量的误差具有很好的稳健性。     

基于陆态网的区域电离层TEC空间变化特性分析

为研究中国陆态网区域电离层TEC在空间小尺度、高分辨率情况下的变化特性及适用精度范围,利用陆态网260个GNSS连续运行观测站数据,解算并生成2016-2017年731天陆态网区域电离层RIM格网,并进行精度验证.在同一RIM格网中,分别在经度和纬度方向上对间隔不同经纬度的TEC格网点作差分析.结果表明:陆态网区域内经度方向上TEC最大变化率和平均变化率分别为0.30TECU·（°）-1和0.11TECU·（°）-1;经度间隔1°时,TEC差值小于2TECU,且随着经度间隔的增大,其TEC差值也随之增大,并表现出一定的半年和周年变化规律;纬度方向上TEC最大变化率和平均变化率分别为1.7TECU·（°）-1和0.46TECU·（°）-1;陆态网区域内电离层TEC随纬度减小而增大,纬度间隔1°时,99.4%的TEC差值小于4TECU,且随着纬度间隔的增大,其TEC差值也随之增大,并表现出一定的半年和周年变化规律;间隔相同情况下,纬度方向上TEC的变化比经度方向上大.      

Time delay of ionospheric TEC storms to geomagnetic storms and pre-storm disturbance events in East Asia

Using the TEC data at Beijing (39.61°N, 115.89°E)/Yakutsk (62.03°N, 129.68°E) stations of East Asia regions and relevant geomagnetic data from 2010 to 2017, we have studied the time delay of ionospheric storms to geomagnetic storms and compare it with our previous results of Taoyuan (25.02°N, 121.21°E) station (Zhang et al., 2020). The data shows a well-known local time dependence of the time delay, and seasonal dependences are different at these stations. In addition, there is no correlation between the time delay and the magnetic storm intensity /solar activity, except the time delay of negative storms has weakly negative dependence on the solar activity. Comparing with the results of Taoyuan station which is located at EIA region in East Asia, we find that the time delay increases nonlinearly as the latitude decreases due to different ionospheric backgrounds at these places. Moreover, the pre-storm disturbance events are found to have similar statistical characteristics as the pre-storm enhancement in Europe middle latitudes (Bure?ová and La?tovi?ka, 2007). By subtracting the common features of the pre-storm disturbance events, we preliminarily infer that auroral activity might be main driver of the pre-storm disturbance events.     

The COMPLEIK subroutine of the IONORT-ISP system for calculating the non-deviative absorption: A comparison with the ICEPAC formula

The present paper proposes to discuss the ionospheric absorption, assuming a quasi-flat layered ionospheric medium, with small horizontal gradients. A recent complex eikonal model (Settimi et al., 2013b) is applied, useful to calculate the absorption due to the ionospheric D-layer, which can be approximately characterized by a linearized analytical profile of complex refractive index, covering a short range of heights between h₁ = 50 km and h₂ = 90 km. Moreover, Settimi et al. (2013c) have already compared the complex eikonal model for the D-layer with the analytical Chapman’s profile of ionospheric electron density; the corresponding absorption coefficient is more accurate than Rawer’s theory (1976) in the range of middle critical frequencies. Finally, in this paper, the simple complex eikonal equations, in quasi-longitudinal (QL) approximation, for calculating the non-deviative absorption coefficient due to the propagation across the D-layer are encoded into a so called COMPLEIK (COMPLex EIKonal) subroutine of the IONORT (IONOspheric Ray-Tracing) program ( Azzarone et al., 2012). The IONORT program, which simulates the three-dimensional (3-D) ray-tracing for high frequencies (HF) waves in the ionosphere, runs on the assimilative ISP (IRI-SIRMUP-P) discrete model over the Mediterranean area ( Pezzopane et al., 2011). As main outcome of the paper, the simple COMPLEIK algorithm is compared to the more elaborate semi-empirical ICEPAC formula (Stewart, undated), which refers to various phenomenological parameters such as the critical frequency of E-layer. COMPLEIK is reliable just like the ICEPAC, with the advantage of being implemented more directly. Indeed, the complex eikonal model depends just on some parameters of the electron density profile, which are numerically calculable, such as the maximum height.     

Calibration errors in determining slant Total Electron Content (TEC) from multi-GNSS data

The global navigation satellite system (GNSS) is presently a powerful tool for sensing the Earth's ionosphere. For this purpose, the ionospheric measurements (IMs), which are by definition slant total electron content biased by satellite and receiver differential code biases (DCBs), need to be first extracted from GNSS data and then used as inputs for further ionospheric representations such as tomography. By using the customary phase-to-code leveling procedure, this research comparatively evaluates the calibration errors on experimental IMs obtained from three GNSS, namely the US Global Positioning System (GPS), the Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System (BDS), and the European Galileo. On the basis of ten days of dual-frequency, triple-GNSS observations collected from eight co-located ground receivers that independently form short-baselines and zero-baselines, the IMs are determined for each receiver for all tracked satellites and then for each satellite differenced for each baseline to evaluate their calibration errors. As first derived from the short-baseline analysis, the effects of calibration errors on IMs range, in total electron content units, from 1.58 to 2.16, 0.70 to 1.87, and 1.13 to 1.56 for GPS, Galileo, and BDS, respectively. Additionally, for short-baseline experiment, it is shown that the code multipath effect accounts for their main budget. Sidereal periodicity is found in single-differenced (SD) IMs for GPS and BDS geostationary satellites, and the correlation of SD IMs over two consecutive days achieves the maximum value when the time tag is around 4?min. Moreover, as byproducts of zero-baseline analysis, daily between-receiver DCBs for GPS are subject to more significant intra-day variations than those for BDS and Galileo.     

An annual variation analysis of the ionospheric spatial gradient over a regional area for GNSS applications

An ionospheric spatial gradient represents the ionosphere delay difference between different locations, and its variation over a specific area is important for implementing differential GNSS systems. An estimation method for the ionospheric spatial gradient over a small regional area is proposed. A plate map model is implemented for the direct estimation of the gradients. Nine years of GPS data were processed to figure out the annual variation of the mean gradient at the mid-geomagnetic latitude of 30° N. Gradients along the north–south direction have a mean of 0.65 mm/km and follow solar-cycle variations.     

All-sky-imaging capabilities for ionospheric space weather research using geomagnetic conjugate point observing sites

Optical signatures of ionospheric disturbances exist at all latitudes on Earth—the most well known case being visible aurora at high latitudes. Sub-visual emissions occur equatorward of the auroral zones that also indicate periods and locations of severe Space Weather effects. These fall into three magnetic latitude domains in each hemisphere: (1) sub-auroral latitudes ～40–60°, (2) mid-latitudes (20–40°) and (3) equatorial-to-low latitudes (0–20°).Boston University has established a network of all-sky-imagers (ASIs) with sites at opposite ends of the same geomagnetic field lines in each hemisphere—called geomagnetic conjugate points. Our ASIs are autonomous instruments that operate in mini-observatories situated at four conjugate pairs in North and South America, plus one pair linking Europe and South Africa. In this paper, we describe instrument design, data-taking protocols, data transfer and archiving issues, image processing, science objectives and early results for each latitude domain. This unique capability addresses how a single source of disturbance is transformed into similar or different effects based on the unique “receptor” conditions (seasonal effects) found in each hemisphere. Applying optical conjugate point observations to Space Weather problems offers a new diagnostic approach for understanding the global system response functions operating in the Earth’s upper atmosphere.     

Investigation of the relationship between ionospheric foF2 and earthquakes

Variations of the ionospheric F2 region critical frequency (foF2) have been investigated statistically before earthquakes during 1980–2008 periods in Japan area. Ionosonde data was taken from Kokubunji station which is in the earthquake preparation zone for all earthquakes. Standard Deviations and Inter-Quartile Range methods are applied to the foF2 data. It is observed that there are anomalous variations in foF2 before earthquakes. These variations can be regarded as ionospheric precursors and may be used for earthquake prediction.