Aspects of Global Magnetospheric Processes

Magnetospheric global modeling is a method to link observations from distant regions via physical laws and has long played a unique and crucial role in space physics. It, different from computer simulations, represents the highest level of abstraction of the physical understanding of the processes that cause observed phenomena. It results in various specific models. While it appears in the form of cartoons, it is based on and has to be qualitatively consistent with physical laws. With the advancement of computer simulations, clues to the connection between physical laws and observation can be perceived much more easily than as ever before. However, computer simulation results are highly dependent on the used boundary conditions and numerical methods which may or may not represent the reality, even if the initial conditions are properly set. Therefore, simulations can easily mislead the investigations. Furthermore, a simulation result needs to be examined using diagnostic tools, such as field line tracing and streamline tracing programs. There are uncertainties in these diagnostic methods. The errors can be very large in certain areas under certain conditions. For example, a small error may link two different field lines or stream lines. The interpretations of the simulation results can be misled by these errors. The knowledge of global modeling can be useful in identifying the inconsistencies in the simulations and the flaws in the theoretical interpretation from the simulations. This review-tutorial article outlines the principles of the global modeling and discusses the successes and flaws of several global models.     

Influence of thermal inhibitor position and temperature on vortex-shedding-driven pressure oscillations

Vortex-acoustic coupling is one of the most important potential sources of combustion instability in solid rocket motors (SRMs). Based on the Von Karman Institute for Fluid Dynamics (VKI) experimental motor, the influence of the thermal inhibitor position and temperature on vortex-shedding-driven pressure oscillations is numerically studied via the large eddy simulation (LES) method. The simulation results demonstrate that vortex shedding is a periodic process and its accurate frequency can be numerically obtained. Acoustic modes could be easily excited by vortex shedding. The vortex shedding frequency and second acoustic frequency dominate the pressure oscillation characteristics in the chamber. Thermal inhibitor position and gas temperature have little effect on vortex shedding frequency, but have great impact on pressure oscillation amplitude. Pressure amplitude is much higher when the thermal inhibitor locates at the acoustic velocity anti-nodes. The farther the thermal inhibitor is to the nozzle head, the more vortex energy would be dissipated by the turbulence. Therefore, the vortex shedding amplitude at the second acoustic velocity antinode near 3/4L (L is chamber length) is larger than those of others. Besides, the natural acoustic frequencies increase with the gas temperature. As the vortex shedding frequency departs from the natural acoustic frequency, the vortex-acoustic feedback loop is decoupled. Consequently, both the vortex shedding and acoustic amplitudes decrease rapidly.     

冷却流道布局对铣槽喷管低周疲劳寿命的影响

为了研究不同的冷却流道布局对大面积比铣槽喷管三维再生冷却槽道在循环工作条件下的热结构响应和低周疲劳寿命的影响, 采用有限体积流—热耦合计算方法、非线性有限元热—结构耦合分析方法和局部应变法对比分析了冷却剂单向逆流、单向顺流和先顺向流动再逆向流动的来回流三种流道布局方案。计算结果表明,铣槽喷管内衬最严重的节点应变主要发生在喷管前部内衬燃气侧壁面与肋条对称面及槽道对称面相交的危险区域,这也是节点低周疲劳寿命最小的位置;铣槽内衬节点的应变时间历程主要由塑性应变决定,肋条与槽道对称面上内衬节点的热结构响应存在较大差异;采用冷却剂单向逆流布局的铣槽喷管内衬节点应变幅和残余应变最大,导致喷管疲劳使用寿命最短;采用冷却剂单向顺流布局的铣槽喷管内衬节点应变幅和残余应变最小,导致喷管低周疲劳寿命最长;采用冷却剂来回流布局的再生冷却喷管铣槽内衬的热结构响应和疲劳使用寿命均处于上述两者之间,但取消了喷管尾部集合器和外置冷却剂供给管路等易失效的部件。      

侧向运动耦合对导弹稳定裕度的影响

各通道间无耦合是工程上导弹控制系统设计的一个基本假设,但随着飞行速度及机动性的提高,导弹各通道间的气动与运动学耦合已不能忽略.以面对称导弹为研究对象,依据小扰动理论,通过建立偏航与滚转通道之间的耦合运动方程,定量分析了通道耦合对导弹控制系统稳定裕度的影响,所得结论可为面对称导弹的工程设计提供参考.     

机器人组装超大型结构的姿-轨-柔耦合动力学仿真

机器人空间组装是建造超大型航天器的重要方式。当前针对空间组装的研究大多集中于小型结构,没有考虑万有引力梯度和姿-轨-柔耦合效应的影响。本文针对主结构-空间机器人-待组装结构组成的系统,建立姿-轨-柔耦合动力学模型,研究万有引力梯度和姿-轨-柔耦合效应对组装过程的影响。首先,将空间机器人看作刚体,将主结构和待组装结构看作柔性体,分别采用自然坐标法和绝对节点坐标法进行运动学描述;然后,考虑刚体和柔性体的动能、万有引力势能和弹性势能推导系统的Hamilton方程,计入万有引力和万有引力梯度的影响;最后,通过轨迹规划和轨迹跟踪控制实现空间机器人空间组装超大型结构的姿-轨-柔耦合动力学仿真,给出组装过程中系统的轨道运动、姿态运动、空间机器人关节空间和笛卡尔空间、结构振动等动力学响应。研究发现:万有引力梯度和姿-轨-柔耦合效应对空间机器人的控制力矩和组装精度产生显著影响,在组装方案设计和控制系统设计中必须予以考虑。     

波导宽边H—T接头缝隙耦合特性的分析

本文讨论由缝隙耦合的矩形波导宽边H-T分支接头的电气特性。计入了波导壁的实际厚度,在主波导和副波导尺寸是任意的情况下,对任意位置和长度的窄缝电气特性进行了理论推导,导出它的散射场及其等效参数。给出数值计算和实验结果,并作了比较。     

PBO纤维表面分析与表面偶联剂处理

通过热重分析及红外光谱分析技术对PBO纤维表面涂层及含量进行了研究分析。通过单丝拔出实验研究了偶联剂浓度与单丝拔出强度的关系。结果表明，纤维表面涂层是由几种有机物组成的混合物；用偶联剂表面处理后，纤维单丝拔出强度得到了提高，其中用KH560处理后的强度要比经KH550，KH570，KH590处理的强度高，提高率最高可达59％。     

微波等离子推力器等离子体形成及其与微波耦合机理分析

微波等离子推力器（MPT）的最大优点是微波在谐振腔内放电使工质形成悬浮的等离子体，没有是极的烧蚀与寿命问题。文中计算了MPT谐振腔内氦气工质击穿场强与腔内气压的关系，结合实验现象及参数调节分析了微波等离子推力器等离子体形成的基本物理过程及影响等离子体稳定的因素、等离子体与微波耦合的机理等，为建立微波、等离子体、流场间的耦合计算模型奠定了基础。     

幅相误差引起超低旁瓣阵列天线旁瓣最高电平分布的研究

由于单元间互耦的存在，超低副瓣阵列天线的辐射方向图发生变化。简单介绍了矩量法，计算了天线阵列各单元的本征激励方向图。在考虑阵列天线间互耦的条件下，采用本征激励分析方法对幅相误差引起超低旁瓣天线旁瓣最高电平分布进行了数值统计分析。对八单元chebeshev等间距直线阵进行处理，并总结了其最高电平分布的一些规律。     

航天器挠性附件刚柔耦合动力学建模与仿真

大型挠性航天器在进行轨道机动或姿态调整等大范围刚体运动时,将与其挠性附件的变形运动发生强烈的耦合,传统的零次近似动力学模型已不能正确揭示此时系统的动力学行为。现针对带梁式挠性附件的航天器,在计及挠性附件变形位移场耦合作用的基础上,通过Lagrange方程建立了航天器的刚柔耦合一次近似动力学模型,并利用Wilson-θ方法进行了数值仿真。仿真结果说明,在航天器经历大范围刚体运动时,该动力学模型能够正确预示挠性附件的动力学行为;挠性附件的振动频率随着大范围刚体运动速度的增加而增大,出现了动力刚化现象。