A Review of Hypervelocity Debris Testing at the Air Force Research Laboratory

In this paper, we describe a compact, low cost, fast turn-around-time technique used at the Air Force Research Laboratory to study hypervelocity debris impact effects on spacecraft structures and components. The technique described was used to study debris effects in the areas of: shock physics, debris-produced contamination, chemical analyses of the impact ejecta and debris initiated spacecraft discharge. Examples of research results obtained with the technique are presented and illustrate problems encountered in the field of space debris effects on spacecraft.     

碳纤维及碳-碳复合材料透射电镜样品制备方法

研究了碳纤维和碳-碳复合材料透射电镜样品制备技术。超薄切片法具有很多优点,并与离子轰击法进行了比较。用金刚石刀超薄切片法制备的薄膜样品电子透明度高,平行度好,而且具有清洁的表面。并对在电镜观察中识别在薄膜的制备过程中引入的假象做了分析。     

低能质子辐照下F46/Ag光学性能退化及损伤模型

利用空间综合辐照环境模拟器对F46/Ag二次表面镜进行低能质子辐照试验,发现30 keV质子辐照会导致F46/Ag的光学性能发生显著退化,波长为350 nm处的光谱反射率变化值随累积辐照通量呈指数关系增加,太阳吸收比变化值随累积辐照通量线性增加。通过Monte Carlo模拟计算得到不同深度电离能损和位移能损的分布,发现质子辐照F46/Ag主要通过电离进行能量的传递。当质子能量为30 keV时,F46表面获得质子传递能量的最大值。量子化学计算结果表明30 keV质子辐照F46/Ag时材料表面C—F键和C—C键断裂所需吸收的能量远小于质子传递给F46表面的能量。XPS分析表明质子辐照后材料表层发生了一系列断键和重组反应,生成了自由基和分子片段,表面发生脱氟和碳富集,与量子化学计算结果相吻合。     

Solitary and periodic waves in magneto–rotating plasmas: Effect of the Kappa–Cairns distributed electrons

The nonlinear propagation of ion–acoustic (IA) waves in a magneto–rotating plasma is studied by considering the Kappa-Cairns electron distribution. Employing the perturbation scheme, Korteweg–de Vries equation is derived. It is seen that both positive and negative potential solitons can be supported in the present plasma model. The numerical results reveal that the Kappa-Cairns distributed electrons modify features of the electrostatic waves significantly. The effects of non–thermal parameters, plasma rotation frequency, ion temperature, and the wave propagation angle on electrostatic solitary wave structures are also discussed here. It is found that the plasma parameters considerably influence the propagation of IA waves in rotating plasmas. Furthermore, using the bifurcation theory of planar dynamical systems to the K-dV equation, we have presented the existence of solitary and periodic traveling waves. Our study may be helpful to understand the behavior of ion–acoustic wave in the rotating plasma.     

空间在轨环境下的30 cm离子推力器三栅极组件间距变化仿真分析

采用有限元仿真(FEM)与地面热平衡试验验证相结合的方法，计算并模拟了30 cm离子推力器处于在轨环境时，有、无主动热控对三栅极相对位移变化造成的影响，并对目前离子推力器设置的工作启动流程可能造成的打火风险进行了预估。结果显示：三栅极组件的热形变方向均为法向方向，且栅极中心区域的间距最小；在 -269 ℃ 在轨极限环境温度下，推力器在5 kW工作模式下温度平衡后的屏栅与加速栅最大热态间距为0.14 mm，加速栅和减速栅则已发生贴合；在受太阳辐照以及卫星帆板恒温边界的影响下，栅面最低初始温度为-102 ℃；当推力器主动热控保证温控点为20 ℃时，栅面最低启动温度为-25 ℃，且推力器工作8000 s后，屏栅与加速栅、加速栅与减速栅的最小间距分别稳定在0.25 mm和0.20 mm；当推力器主动热控保证温控点为50 ℃时，推力器工作9000 s后，屏栅与加速栅、加速栅和减速栅最小间距分别稳定在0.31 mm和0.30 mm，能够满足0.25 mm的栅极安全打火间距要求。     

5kW离子电推进大功率屏栅电源的设计研究

本文针对航天器用5kW离子电推力器核心供电模块屏栅电源的技术需求,采用移相全桥技术设计了低电压输入高电压输出的大功率屏栅电源模块。对比分析了ZVS和ZVZCS两种移相全桥方案后,得出ZVZCS更适合于电推进屏栅电源的设计。提出了ZVZCS移相全桥变换器CDD无损缓冲电路中辅助电容的设计方法,论述了屏栅电源功率级和控制电路的设计过程。通过实物产品验证表明：采用ZVZCS移相全桥技术设计的屏栅电源模块能在较宽的负载范围内实现超前桥臂和滞后桥臂的软开关,提高了变换器的效率;采用CDD无损缓冲电路能辅助实现滞后桥臂的零电流关断,降低原边电流的损耗,同时降低高压整流管的电压应力。在具备完善的输入滤波,浪涌抑制及母线开关等功能以后,最大功率下效率在95%以上。     

湍流脉动对化学反应影响的数值研究

为了研究湍流脉动对化学反应的影响,在对冲火焰中引入了时空发展的扰动,其中H₂O₂扰动模拟组分脉动,拉伸率扰动在燃料和氧化剂边界温度均匀的条件下模拟速度脉动,在非均匀条件下模拟温度脉动。正庚烷自点火的计算结果显示:H₂O₂扰动可以缩短点火延迟时间。通过RO₂同素异形化以及C₂H₃氧化的反应路径通量分析,发现H₂O₂扰动不会改变反应路径间的极限竞争关系。均匀温度边界条件下的拉伸率扰动通过恶化热量和自由基的损失抑制中温机理,延长点火所需时间。非均匀温度边界条件下的拉伸率扰动能产生附加的温度扰动,点火延迟时间随扰动频率的变化关系复杂。通过RO₂同素异形化的反应路径通量分析可知,该扰动能够改变反应路径间的极限竞争关系,也能逆转点火进程。由此可以推断,在工程应用中,若湍流脉动较强,点火可能会从单级转化为多级。      

离子色谱法测定标准物质DIANP中的无机阴离子

采用离子色谱法对DIANP中无机阴离子NO2-,N3-,NO3-,CO32-,SO42-进行测定。乙腈溶解DI-ANP后,加水萃取无机离子,通过On GuardⅡRP柱,去除DIANP或其分解的有机产物,用氢氧化钾溶液为淋洗液梯度洗脱,流速为1.0mL/min,采用IonPac AS11-HC阴离子色谱柱进行分析。测定结果,5种阴离子相关系数达到0.999以上,相对标准偏差为1.57%～4.30%,NO2-,N3-,NO3-,SO24-加标平均回收率为89.3%～98.6%。该方法简便、快速,且结果满意。     

Use of coated silicon field emitters as neutralisers for fundamental physics space missions

Spacecraft neutralisers are required as part of the ion propulsion system for accurate station keeping in fundamental physics missions. This paper describes the use of thin layers of insulating materials as coatings for the gated silicon field emitter array structure used in a spacecraft neutraliser. These thin coatings are postulated to reduce power consumption and reduce overheating. The power consumption and lifetime of aluminium nitride and amorphous hydrogenated diamond-like carbon coatings have been tested by current–voltage and endurance tests. Diamond-like carbon coatings were promising, performing better in endurance tests than uncoated samples, but further work is required to characterise the coating’s physical properties and its effects on field emission. The thermal conductivity of the coating material had little effect on measured sample lifetimes. Aluminium nitride had reduced power consumption compared to diamond-like carbon coated and uncoated samples. A thin (∼5 nm) layer of aluminium nitride was found to be optimal, meeting European Space Agency specifications for the neutraliser engineering model.