Dawn′s exploration of Vesta

On 16 July 2011, after completing nearly four years of interplanetary flight, Dawn entered orbit around (4) Vesta, the second most massive body in the main asteroid belt. Dawn used solar electric propulsion to spiral to six different orbits to accomplish its science campaign. Although the transfers to progressively lower orbits presented significant challenges, all were executed smoothly. During its nearly 14 months in orbit, Dawn spiraled down to 210 km above the surface and back up before initiating the gradual departure to travel to dwarf planet (1) Ceres for a 2015 rendezvous. Dawn′s exploration of Vesta has shown it to be geologically complex and fascinating, resembling terrestrial planets more than typical asteroids. Among the principal features is a 500-km-diameter impact basin within which is the second tallest mountain known in the solar system. This paper presents Dawn′s operations at Vesta and summarizes the principal findings.     

三(叠氮乙酰氧甲基)硝基甲烷的合成与性能

以三羟甲基硝基甲烷为原料,经酯化、叠氮化两步反应合成出三(叠氮乙酰氧甲基)硝基甲烷,总收率为83.0%。利用红外光谱、核磁共振、元素分析表征了其结构。探讨了叠氮化反应的影响因素,确定其最佳反应条件为:Na N3摩尔加入量为理论值的1.10倍,混合溶剂中水占总体积的10%~25%,反应时间1 h。测试得到TMNTA的密度为1.45 g/cm3,热分解温度为235.7℃,玻璃化转变温度为-26.23℃,撞击感度H50=44.7 cm(落锤2 kg),爆炸概率4%(摆角66°)。     

Electric field and ion density anomalies in the mid latitude ionosphere: Possible connection with earthquakes?

The problem of earthquake prediction has stimulated the search for a correlation between seismic activity and ionospherical anomalies. We found observational evidence of possible earthquake effects in the near-equatorial and low latitude ionosphere; these ionospheric anomalies have been proposed by Gousheva et al. [Gousheva, M., Glavcheva, R., Danov, D., Angelov P., Hristov, P., Influence of earthquakes on the electric field disturbances in the ionosphere on board of the Intercosmos-Bulgaria-1300 satellite. Compt. Rend. Acad. Bulg. Sci. 58 (8) 911–916, 2005a; Gousheva, M., Glavcheva, R., Danov, D., Angelov, P., Hristov, P., Kirov, B., Georgieva, K., Observation from the Intercosmos-Bulgaria-1300 satellite of anomalies associated with seismic activity. In: Poster Proceeding of 2nd International Conference on Recent Advances in Space Technologies: Space in the Service of Society, RAST ‘2005, June 9–11, Istanbul, Turkey, pp. 119–123, 2005b; Gousheva, M., Glavcheva, R., Danov, D., Angelov, P., Hristov, P., Kirov, B., Georgieva, K., Satellite monitoring of anomalous effects in the ionosphere probably related to strong earthquakes. Adv. Space Res. 37 (4), 660–665, 2006]. This paper presents new results from observations of the quasi-static electric field and ion density on board INTERCOSMOS-BULGARIA-1300 satellite in the mid latitude ionosphere above sources of moderate earthquakes. Data from INTERCOSMOS-BULGARIA-1300 satellite and seismic data (World Data Center, Denver, Colorado, USA) for magnetically quiet and medium quiet days are juxtaposed in time-space domain. For satellite’s orbits in the time period 15.09–01.10.1981 an increase in the horizontal and vertical components of the quasi-static electric field and fluctuations of the ion density are observed over zones of forthcoming seismic events. Some similar post effects are observed too. The emphasis of this paper is put on the anomalies which specify the mid latitude ionosphere. The obtained results contain important information because they confirm our previous results for near-equatorial and low latitude regions.     

离子交换法合成推进剂用高氯酸羟胺的研究

高氯酸羟胺（ＨＡＰ）是一种用于推进剂的新型高能氧化剂。研究了树脂交联度和粒度对采用离子交换法合成ＨＡＰ的影响,测定了ＨＡＰ合成的最佳工艺参数。结果表明,在最佳条件下,ＨＡＰ的收率可达９９．５４％,质量浓度为９．９９５％。通过在最佳条件下所做的洗脱曲线,对整个交换过程进行了讨论。     

来自电离层的尾向流对近地磁场位形的影响

探测一号(TC-1)卫星的观测结果表明,尾向流能够拉伸近地磁尾的磁力线,从而导致磁场位形改变.尾向流具有垂直于磁场的速度分量,这种垂直磁场的速度分量会导致磁力线向尾向拉伸,磁场的结构由偶极型变为非偶极型.而随尾向流的终止,地向流的出现,磁场的结构由非偶极型变为偶极型,磁力线恢复原状.另外在磁场的结构由非偶极型变为偶极型的过程中,伴随磁能的释放热离子温度的迅速升高,温度由各向同性逐渐趋向各向异性.其次,观测结果显示来自电离层的尾向流对磁场By分量有重要的影响,能够引起磁场By分量的显著增强.上述分析结果表明来自电离层的尾向流对近地磁尾动力学过程有着重要的影响.      

等离子体密度对栅极系统束流影响分析

针对现有离子推力器栅极系统束流引出分析中未考虑放电室等离子体密度均匀性影响的不足,基于数值方法对该问题进行了研究。采用单元内粒子 （Particle In Cell,PIC） 方法对栅极系统束流引出进行了数值模拟。PIC方法中电场求解采用有限差分方法,离子加速方法采用跳蛙格式。以国产20cm Xe离子推力器作为算例,计算得到了栅极中心和边缘孔引出束流离子和电场的分布。结果显示栅极中心孔相对边缘孔束流聚焦性好,束流发散角小,但中心孔轴线的鞍点电势较边缘孔高24.8V。因此,放电室等离子体密度分布对束流引出具有重要影响,电子返流现象最先出现在栅极中心位置。     

复合固体推进剂燃烧性能模拟计算的神经网络方法

在总结已有燃烧模型的基础上，重点考虑压强、氧化剂的重均粒径、氧化剂的质量浓度三种主要影响因素，提出了一种基于误差反传（ＢＰ）神经网络的复合固体推进剂燃烧性能模拟计算方法，计算结果和实验值吻合较好，这为推进剂配方的计算机辅助设计提供了一种新方法。     

Exo-Astrobiological Aspects of Europa and Titan: From Observations to Speculations

By extrapolating what we know on the origins of life on Earth, and in particular on the chemical processes which gave rise to the first living system, Europa and Titan appear as two major targets for studies of exo/astrobiology in the outer solar system. With the likely presence of water oceans relatively close to its surface, coupled to possible sources of organics, the emergence and sustaining of life on Europa seems possible. On Titan, it cannot be ruled out. But the main exobiological interest of the largest satellite of Saturn is the presence of a complex organic chemistry which shows many similarities with the prebiotic chemistry which allowed the emergence of life on Earth.     

基于小孔投影面积的平面栅极间距测量方法

栅极间距是影响推力器离子束流的发散角、推力大小的关键参数,为了解决栅极组件在装配过程中栅极间距自动检测的技术难题,针对栅极孔径的特殊结构和光线传播的特性,建立了栅极间距和小孔面积的数学模型,提出了基于机器视觉的非接触式平面栅极间距检测方法并搭建试验平台。选取栅极中心孔位进行35次重复试验,该方法的标准差为12μm,具有较高的重复精度。精度验证试验结果表明,该系统精度高于±20μm,满足离子推力器装配过程中的栅极间距测量要求,在实际应用中有望替代现有人工检测方法。     

电离层离子丰度对哨声传播经度效应的影响

Iss-b卫星探测结果表明,|电离层离子丰度呈现经度变化.本文选取较真实的电离层模型参数,对130°E和114°E两个子午面内传播的低纬哨声进行了射线跟踪.我们发现,由于[O~+],[He~+]和[H~+]决定的电子浓度垂直梯度的经度变化,导致哨声传播特性的经度效应,使得130°E比114°E内传播的低纬哨声更好地满足透射条件:|μsinδ|≤1.与电子浓度的水平梯度的影响比较,离子丰度决定的电子浓度垂直梯度随经度的变化使哨声传播产生的经度效应明显得多.武昌(地理30.5°N,114.6°E;地磁19.3°N).和鹿儿岛(31.5°N,130.8°E;20.5°N)两台站观测到的哨声出现率的经度效应证实了本文的理论预言.