A new spectral index to detect Poaceae grass abundance in Mongolian grasslands

The objectives of the present study were to develop a new index based on remotely-sensed data for detecting the abundance of grasses in the family Poaceae, which has a high palatability for livestock in Mongolia, and to map the distribution of these grasses in the semi-arid Mongolian steppes. We measured ground-based spectral reflectance of pure plant leaves – including Poaceae grasses – and soils, as well as in-situ in the Mongolian grasslands. The hyper-spectral data, taken by a spectroradiometer, were converted into four multi-spectral bands (i.e., blue, green, red, and NIR) to simulate satellite-based imagery data. In order to magnify the characteristics of the spectral signal of Poaceae, NGBDI (Normalized Green-Blue Difference Index), NGRDI (Normalized Green-Red Difference Index), NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index), NNBDI (Normalized NIR-Blue Difference Index) were calculated from the four multi-spectral reflectance values. Poaceae Abundance Index (PAI) was derived by combining these four normalized difference indices. PAI was found out to be a good indicator to discriminate Poaceae grass from the other plant spectral data.     

Improved interpretation of solar wind ion measurements via high-resolution magnetic field data

The Wind   spacecraft’s Faraday cups (FC) continue to produce high-quality, in situ observations of thermal protons (i.e., ionized hydrogen) and α$\alpha$-particles (i.e., fully ionized helium) in the solar wind. By fitting a Wind/FC ion spectrum with a model velocity distribution function (VDF) for each particle species, values for density, bulk velocity, and temperature can be inferred. Incorporating measurements of the background magnetic field from the Wind Magnetic Field Investigation (MFI) allows perpendicular and parallel temperature components to be separated. Prior implementations of this analysis averaged the higher-cadence Wind/MFI measurements to match that of the Wind/FC ion spectra. However, this article summarizes recent and extensive revisions to the analysis software that, among other things, eliminate such averaging and thereby account for variations in the direction of the magnetic field over the time taken to measure the ions. A statistical comparison reveals that the old version consistently underestimates the temperature anisotropy of ion VDF’s: averaging over fluctuations in the magnetic field essentially blurs the perpendicular and parallel temperature components, which makes the plasma seem artificially more isotropic. The new version not only provides a more accurate dataset of ion parameters (which is well suited to the study of microkinetic phenomena), it also demonstrates a novel technique for jointly processing particle and field data. Such methods are crucial to heliophysics as wave-particle interactions are increasingly seen as playing an important role in the dynamics of the solar wind and similar space plasmas.     

The origin of sulfur-bearing species on the surfaces of icy satellites

We present experimental results in order to understand the physico-chemical effects induced by fast ions irradiating sulfur bearing molecules. The experiments are relevant both to Solar System objects (icy satellites, comets, TNOs) and icy mantles on grains in the interstellar medium. Here we concentrate on the application to the Galilean moons that are exposed to high energetic particle fluxes in the jovian magnetosphere.     

基于光谱信息散度的光谱解混算法

光谱解混是高光谱遥感定量化的关键,提出了一种基于光谱信息散度和光谱混合分析的光谱解混改进算法(SID-SMA,Spectral Information Divergence-Spectral Mixed Analysis).以光谱信息散度判定最优端元子集,端元选择时采用端元的初选和二次选择来提高端元选择的精度,得到较小的丰度估计误差.通过光谱库模拟数据的结果可以看出,SID-SMA的端元选择精度和丰度估计精度要优于其他算法,当信噪比为100∶ 1时,算法端元选择正确率达到了99.8%,29个端元的丰度估计总误差小于0.1,并且算法的速度较快.     

Field emission characteristics of gold dust grains

The space plasma environment usually contains charged dust grains. The grain charge is an important parameter determining its migration through the space, coagulation, formation of dust clouds and so on. The knowledge of its charge is thus one of the basic information we want to know. There are several emission processes leading to both positive and negative charges, among others photoemission, all kinds of secondary emissions, field emissions, etc. The present study is focused on a laboratory simulation of emissions caused by impacts by energetic ions. Our experiment is based on the Paul trap which gives us an opportunity to catch a single dust grain for several days inside the vacuum vessel and exposed it by electron/ion beams. This experimental approach allows us to separate an individual charging process. We have chosen spherically shaped gold grains and discussed the processes leading to the limitation of the grain charge. We suggested that the implantation of charging ions leads to deformations of the grain surface. The deformations enhance the local electric field strength that becomes sufficient for the field ionization.     

准平行无碰撞激波上游能量粒子的观测研究

通过Cluster卫星在2005年3月16日观测到的一个准平行激波观测事例,研究了准平行激波上游低频等离子体波动与能量离子之间的关系.卫星观测结果表明,在准平行激波上游,离子微分能通量受到了非线性波动的调制.在磁场强度较小区域,离子微分能通量较高.产生这种现象的可能原因是准平行激波上游的非线性波动可以捕获离子,被捕获的离子在波动中来回弹跳并被电场加速,从而导致磁场强度较小区域离子微分能通量较高.这一观测结果与已有的混合模拟结果相吻合.     

高纬极区电离层中离子声波谱线增强的解释

大量的实验研究表明, 在顶部极光区电离层, 利用EISCAT非相干散射雷达和Millstone Hill雷达可以观测到不对称、增强的离子声波谱线. 考虑到低能H+离子束沉降到背景电离层, 以及电离层顶部O+离子的外流事件, 采用含有场向热流项的双麦克斯韦分布描述H+离子束的分布函数, 进而基于离子－离子双流不稳定性理论来解释增强的离子声波谱线. 场向热流的引入可以减小离子声波谱线的不对称现象, 这样得到的结果更符合实际.     

武汉上空Na层季节和夜间变化的观测研究

根据武汉大学激光雷达2001年3月到2002年10月的观测数据,对武汉上空（30.5°N,114.4°E）的背景Na层结构进行了研究,并与其他观测站尤其是Urbana（40°N,88°W）的观测结果进行了比较。发现武汉上空11月的Na层柱密度最大,是4月的2.5倍,质心高度的极小值出现在5月和11月,极大值在4月、9月和12月;全年平均Na层均方根宽度为4.47km.Na层各参数呈现出周期性变化规律,其中Na层均方很宽度呈现出明显的半年周期性变化规律。夜间Na层柱密度呈现总体增加的趋势,质心高度在入夜后立即迅速上升,在2000LT以后上升速度趋缓,凌晨0500LT以后出现下降;Na层均方根宽度在夜间约有1.3km的起伏变化,它入夜后迅速减小,在午夜0035LT时出现一低谷,然后随时间逐渐变宽。     

空间等离子体与垂直无碰撞激波相互作用的数值实验

应用混合模拟方法数值研究了高Ａｌｆｖｅｎ－Ｍａｃｈ数垂直无碰撞激波与等离子体间的相互作用。结果表明，激波上游的磁场非常稳定，粒子分布近似为Ｍａｘｗｅｌｌ分布。激波下游磁场存在不规则的湍动，质子分布有一个高能尾，且有些质子被激波反射。跟踪少量高速质子的计算结果表明，在ｔ＝４０Ωｉ＾－１时约有４０％的质子被激波反射，而７％质子可被加速，最大速度值可达到２０ＶＡ激波区的电场分布对质子的减速或加速起了主要     

基于薄膜热电堆的新型高温瞬态热流密度传感器的研制

目前针对国内薄膜瞬态热流传感器一致性较差、制备工艺不成熟等问题，提出了一种基于光刻工艺和离子束溅射镀膜工艺的制备方法，200对T型金属薄膜热电偶沉积在10mm×10mm的水冷块上，测量1μm的氧化铝热阻层温差，从而得到瞬态热流密度值。对新型高温瞬态热流密度传感器进行比对法标定，一致性误差为0.211%，即工艺的一致性约为99.79%。实验表明，研制的新型高温瞬态热流密度传感器的一致性好,制备工艺具备良好重复性和可移植性，能够满足高温瞬态热流检测需要，为热流传感器的推广应用及标准化、批量化生产提供了良好的技术支撑。