地球卫星星光折射导航量测量及其性能对比

星光折射天文导航是一种重要的地球卫星自主导航方式,量测量是影响其导航精度的重要因素。在地球卫星星光折射导航中,折射视高度、星光折射角、折射星像素坐标（折射星矢量）是3种常用的量测量,结合星光折射导航的基本原理重点介绍了这3种量测量的获取方法和量测模型,通过仿真和可观性分析比较了相同条件下3种量测量的导航性能。仿真结果表明,由于折射星像素坐标可以同时反映星光折射的大小和方向可观性高,而星光折射角和折射视高度仅能反映星光折射的大小,无法反映其方向可观性低,因此折射星像素坐标的导航性能优于星光折射角和折射视高度。此外,本文也对星敏感器精度、卫星轨道高度、星敏感器安装夹角3种因素对3种方法导航性能的影响进行了分析。     

Robotic Instrument for Grinding Rocks Into Thin Sections (GRITS)

We have developed a rock grinding and polishing mechanism for in situ planetary exploration based on abrasive disks, called Grinding Rocks Into Thin Sections (GRITS). Performance characteristics and design considerations of GRITS are presented. GRITS was developed as part of a broader effort to develop an in situ automated rock thin section (ISARTS) instrument. The objective of IS-ARTS was to develop an instrument capable of producing petrographic rock thin sections on a planetary science spacecraft. GRITS may also be useful to other planetary science missions with in situ instruments in which rock surface preparation are necessary.     

考虑耦合效应的动量轮扰动测量

动量轮微振动是影响卫星姿态控制精度的重要因素.测量动量轮扰动的目的是掌握其扰动规律,进而采取相应的控制方法和隔离技术.由于动量轮的扰动频带很宽,扰动会与测试台的固有频率产生耦合.应用"动质量测试法"来定量地考察测试台刚度对扰动力测试的影响,并建立动量轮的力学模型,以得到不受影响的纯扰动.设计两种不同刚度的测试平台进行扰动测试.应用放大系数对测试结果进行修正,得到消除测试平台刚度影响的测试结果并进行比较.比较结果表明:动质量测试与理论建模结合法能够得到测试台的刚度对测试结果的影响.      

捕获目标后组合体航天器抗干扰自适应控制

针对空间机器人系统捕获非合作目标后由于质量特性参数和动量突变影响导致的组合体系统失稳问题,提出了一种基于系统动力学模型的抗干扰自适应控制方法。利用拉格朗日方法对系统进行动力学建模,通过冲击动力学建模分析得到了捕获目标后组合体系统的初始状态;基于系统动力学模型设计了线性反馈控制方法,考虑组合体质量特性参数不确定性以及外在干扰不确定性,对组合体系统动力学模型进行了不确定参数线性化,设计了参数自适应线性反馈控制方法;最后以平面三关节机械臂系统捕获旋转目标为例进行了仿真计算。组合体系统的运动状态量趋于期望值,速度级状态变量误差量级控制在10-4以下,位置级状态变量误差量级控制在10-3以下,说明该控制方法可以很好地保持捕获目标后组合体系统的稳定。     

Broglio Drag Balance for neutral thermosphere density measurement on UNICubeSAT

The nanosatellite UNICubeSAT is described, carrying a Broglio Drag Balance Instrument for neutral thermosphere density in situ measurements. The aim of the mission is to contribute to the development of accurate thermosphere models, achieving in situ, real time measurements of atmosphere density, that could be exploited for global atmosphere model validation and accurate short term (1–3 days) real time space weather forecasts. The satellite is inexpensive and swarms could be easily launched operating as a distributed sensor network to get simultaneous in situ local (not orbit averaged) measurements in multiple positions and orbit heights. The nanosatellite is based on the Cubesat standard architecture, weighing about 1 kg for 1-L volume. Atmospheric drag force is measured by the displacement of light plates exposed to the incoming particle flux seen by the spacecraft, applying the original three dimensional Broglio Drag Balance concept to a single nanosatellite axis. The instrument concept and its relation to the satellite bus is depicted, showing that many long term potential measurement error sources and biases can be removed in data processing if the spacecraft is spin stabilized. The expected accuracy in density measurements is 20%. The instrument cost is a fraction of that of accurate accelerometers. The onboard systems are based on commercial off the shelf components, in accordance with the short lifetime typical of aeronomy satellites.     

基于STLS的卫星惯量矩阵在轨估计

提出了一种采用结构总体最小二乘（Structured total least squares, STLS）进行卫星惯量矩阵在轨估计的方法,与当前估计方法相比,该方法在考虑敏感器测量噪声时能获得一致估计。首先由动量守恒定律得到估计方程,针对该方程的特点定义了惯量矩阵的STLS估计,并使用结构总体最小范数（Structured total least norm, STLN）算法进行求解。证明了当噪声为高斯分布时该STLS估计为极大似然估计,给出了该STLS估计具有一致性的充分条件,仿真结果验证了文章所提估计方法的有效性。     

多层CT用数据采集系统的设计与测试

提出了一种多通道、高密度、高精度数据采集系统的设计方案.采用基于现场可编程逻辑门阵列(FPGA, Field Programmable Gate Arrays)内嵌软核的体系结构,实现了多通道数据的缓冲、格式转换、乒乓读写等流水操作,解决了多层CT(Computed Tomography)有限扫描时间内数据量大、时序要求严格和数据传输精确性要求高的问题;同时利用高精度电压源和精密电阻模拟了前端输入,设计了基于PXI(PCI eXtensions for Instrumentation)总线的虚拟仪器,精确测试了设计系统的性能且未额外引入噪声.方案已成功应用于多层CT中,同时也为数据采集提供一种借鉴.      

Experiments in materials science on the ground and in reduced gravity using electrostatic levitators

To counter residual accelerations, dedicated levitators or positioners are necessary to support a host of materials science experiments on the ground and in microgravity. All levitators (e.g., aerodynamic, acoustic, electromagnetic, electrostatic, optical) have their own merits and limitations but the electrostatic scheme offers the combined advantages of processing millimeter-size objects, independent heating, quasi-spherical shape of molten materials, handling of materials under extreme temperatures for hours, virtually convection-free samples, and wide view around the samples for diagnostic. These attributes provide unique research opportunities in materials science on the ground as well as under reduced gravity. In particular, electrostatic levitators are very attractive to measure the physical and structural properties of equilibrium and non-equilibrium liquids, to synthesize multi-function materials, and to understand metastable phase formation, vitrification, and diffusion. In this paper, research and development carried out by the Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency over the years in the field of electrostatic levitation are summarized and the main results obtained in materials science are presented.     

微小卫星临近操作仅测距初始相对定轨解析方法

针对仅有相对距离测量信息的近圆轨道航天器近程交会问题,首次提出一种基于传感器偏离航天器质心安装杆臂效应的解析初始相对定轨算法,解决了仅测距定轨存在镜像解的模糊性问题。首先给出了仅测距定轨模糊性的数学解释,然后基于Clohessy-Wiltshire动力学模型和传感器偏心安装的杆臂效应推导了仅测距信息情况下的初始相对轨道解析解,并给出系统能够去模糊的传感器安装条件。最后通过无误差仿真验证了所提算法的有效性,通过误差情况下的Monte Carlo仿真分析了算法的定轨性能。仿真结果表明所提算法有效,在满足传感器偏心安装条件下能够实现较为精确的初始相对定轨。     

修正极坐标系下雷达与ESM航迹对准关联

研究了存在系统误差时修正极坐标系(MPC)下的雷达与电子支援措施(ESM)航迹关联问题。系统误差导致MPC下雷达和ESM的角度估计产生偏移,而对角度变化率、距变率与距离的比值(ITG)的估计影响不大;结合非中心卡方分布的知识,分析了雷达与ESM的测量误差对非中心参数和正确关联概率的影响;提出了一种基于积分重合度的雷达与ESM航迹对准关联算法。首先将雷达与ESM的目标映射到角度-角度变化率空间,分别得到了雷达与ESM的目标曲线,然后对两目标曲线求积分重合度,估计出雷达与ESM测角系统误差的偏移量,对偏移量补偿后进行雷达与ESM的航迹关联。仿真结果表明,本文所提算法能有效地提高存在系统误差时雷达与ESM正确航迹关联概率。