CIVA

CIVA (Comet Infrared and Visible Analyser) is an integrated set of imaging instruments, designed to characterize the 360^∘ panorama (CIVA-P) as seen from the Rosetta Lander Philae, and to study surface and subsurface samples (CIVA-M). CIVA-P is a panoramic stereo camera, while CIVA-M is an optical microscope coupled to a near infrared microscopic hyperspectral imager. CIVA shares a common Imaging Main Electronics (IME) with ROLIS. CIVA-P will characterize the landing site, with an angular sampling (IFOV) of 1.1 mrad: each pixel will image a 1 mm size feature at the distance of the landing legs, and a few metres at the local horizon. The panorama will be mapped by 6 identical miniaturized micro-cameras covering contiguous FOV, with their optical axis 60^∘ apart. Stereoscopic capability will be provided by an additional micro-camera, identical to and co-aligned with one of the panoramic micro-camera, with its optical axis displaced by 10 cm. CIVA-M combines two ultra-compact and miniaturised microscopes, one operating in the visible and one constituting an IR hyperspectral imaging spectrometer: they will characterize, by non-destructive analyses, the texture, the albedo, the molecular and the mineralogical composition of each of the samples provided by the Sample Drill and Distribution (SD2) system. For the optical microscope, the spatial sampling is 7 μm; for the IR, the spectral range (1–4 μm) and the spectral sampling (5 nm) have been chosen to allow identification of most minerals, ices and organics, on each pixel, 40 μm in size. After being studied by CIVA, the sample could be analysed by a subsequent experiment (PTOLEMY and/or COSAC). The process would be repeated for each sample obtained at different depths and/or locations.     

The Rosetta Lander (“Philae”) Investigations

The paper describes the Rosetta Lander named Philae and introduces its complement of scientific instruments. Philae was launched aboard the European Space Agency Rosetta spacecraft on 02 March 2004 and is expected to land and operate on the nucleus of 67P/Churyumov-Gerasimenko at a distance of about 3 AU from the Sun. Its overall mass is ~98 kg (plus the support systems remaining on the Orbiter), including its scientific payload of ~27 kg. It will operate autonomously, using the Rosetta Orbiter as a communication relay to Earth. The scientific goals of its experiments focus on elemental, isotopic, molecular and mineralogical composition of the cometary material, the characterization of physical properties of the surface and subsurface material, the large-scale structure and the magnetic and plasma environment of the nucleus. In particular, surface and sub-surface samples will be acquired and sequentially analyzed by a suite of instruments. Measurements will be performed primarily during descent and along the first five days following touch-down. Philae is designed to also operate on a long time-scale, to monitor the evolution of the nucleus properties. Philae is a very integrated project at system, science and management levels, provided by an international consortium. The Philae experiments have the potential of providing unique scientific outcomes, complementing by in situ ground truth the Rosetta Orbiter investigations. Philae team members are listed in the acknowledgements     

Solar wind electron density and temperature over solar cycle 23: Thermal noise measurements on Wind

We present the solar wind plasma parameters obtained from the Wind spacecraft during more than nine years, encompassing almost the whole solar cycle 23. Since its launch in November 1994 Wind has frequently observed the in-ecliptic solar wind upstream of the Earth’s bow shock. The WIND/WAVES thermal noise receiver was specially designed to measure the in situ plasma thermal noise spectra, from which the electron density and temperature can be accurately determined. We present and discuss histograms of such measurements performed from 1994 to 2003. Using these large data sets, we study the density and core temperature variations with solar activity cycle and with different regimes of the solar wind. We confirm the anticorrelation of the electron density with the sunspot number, and obtain a positive correlation of the core temperature, with the sunspot number.     

Neutral Atmospheres of the Giant Planets: An Overview of Composition Measurements

Measurements of the chemical composition of the giant planets provide clues of their formation and evolution processes. According to the currently accepted nucleation model, giant planets formed from the initial accretion of an icy core and the capture of the protosolar gas, mosly composed of hydrogen and helium. In the case of Jupiter and Saturn (the gaseous giants), this gaseous component dominates the composition of the planet, while for Uranus and Neptune (the icy giants) it is only a small fraction of the total mass. The measurement of elemental and isotopic ratios in the giant planets provides key diagnostics of this model, as it implies an enrichment in heavy elements (as well as deuterium) with respect to the cosmic composition. Neutral atmospheric constituents in the giant planets have three possible sources: (1) internal (fromthe bulk composition of the planet), (2) photochemical (fromthe photolysis ofmethane) and(3) external (from meteoritic impacts, of local or interplanetary origin). This paper reviews our present knowledge about the atmospheric composition in the giant planets, and their elemental and istopic composition. Measurements concerning key parameters, like C/H, D/H or rare gases in Jupiter, are analysed in detail. The conclusion addresses open questions and observations to be performed in the future.     

A Novel Stable Clustering Design Method for Hierarchical Satellite Network

This article proposes a novel stable clustering design method for hierarchical satellite network in order to increase its stability, reduce the overhead of storage and exert effective control of the delay performances based on a 5-dimensional vector model. According to the function of stability measurement and owing to the limitation of minimal average routing table length, the hierarchical satellite network is grouped into separate stable connected clusters to improve destruction resistance and reconstruction ability in the future integrated network. In each cluster, redundant communication links with little contribution to network stability and slight influences on delay variation are deleted to satisfy the requirements for stability and connectivity by means of optimal link resources, and, also, the idea of logical weight is introduced to select the optimal satellites used to communicate with neighboring cluster satellites. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed method are verified by comparing it with the simulated performances of other two typical hierarchical satellite networks, double layer satellite constellation(DLSC) and satellite over satellite(SoS).     

大迎角细长体非对称空间流场特性的试验研究

应用七孔探针定量流场测试技术,在低速风洞中通过定量测试细长旋成体背风区三维空间流场,研究了零侧滑条件下细长旋成体在典型大迎角情况下(迎角为55°)背风区附体和离体涡系的空间演化规律,加深了对细长旋成体背风区不对称涡系空间结构的认识。解释了截面侧向力沿模型体轴分布为幅值递减波形的形成机制。给出了有、无头部小扰动片及小扰动片非定常摆动控制三种情况下的细长体背风区不同的多涡空间结构。细长旋成体背风区横截面的涡量和总压分布测量结果表明在模型头部固定小扰动片可以改变非对称涡的非对称特性,但不能使非对称涡变为对称涡,而在头部非定常小扰动的控制下模型背风区流动呈现对称涡的流态特征。     

金属基纳米复合材料的制备技术研究

综述了复合材料家族中的新成员——金属基纳米复合材料制备技术的国内外研究现状和本课题组近期取得的研究成果，对6大类工艺方法的机理、特点、适用范围和现阶段开发程度，以及由这些制备工艺所开发出的新材料的优异的机械、物理、化学性能进行了全面分析，并综合评价了各种工艺的优缺点。在展望金属基纳米复合材料广阔的应用前景基础上，指出了其制备技术未来的发展方向。     

脉冲爆轰发动机第一和第二次循环的数值模拟

对脉冲爆轰发动机两次循环工作过程进行轴对称数值模拟,考虑了包含19个基元反应和9种组份的H2-O2-N2详细化学反应动力学机理,通过改进的ISAT方法(动态自适应建表)减少反应化学的计算时间.数值结果显示了脉冲爆轰发动机充气,起爆,卸压和再充气的循环工作过程.根据数值计算结果,详细地讨论了两次循环管内、外流场的结构间的差异.两次循环中管内、外流场结构的差异又导致二者推力和冲量的不同.     

双参数传热实验的液晶瞬态测量不确定度分析

以气膜冷却为例,利用多元隐函数求导的方法推导了双参数传热实验中采用液晶进行瞬态测量时的双参数不确定度计算关系式,采用不确定度传递系数研究了双参数不确定度与温度测量不确定度的关系,得到了不确定度传递系数随主流及二次流无量纲温度的变化曲线,分析了主流及二次流无量纲温度参数对双参数测量不确定度的影响.结果表明,提高主流温度或者增大两次测量中二次流的温差可以减小实验双参数测量不确定度.      

空间电推进的推力测量方法研究现状

在空间电推进的研发和规划中,推力的精确测量具有非常重要的意义。近年来,随着电推进复杂程度和任务难度的不断增加,对其推力性能评价技术及方法提出了更高的要求。针对该需求,介绍了当前空间电推进的推力测量方法及其工作原理、技术特点和应用案例。测力方式主要有直接测量和间接测量,其中直接测量主要包括天平式、扭转式、摆式,间接测量主要包括靶式和悬臂梁式。通过对比分析各种测力方式之间的区别和优缺点,为开发者的测力系统设计提供了相应的参考。对测力过程中的系统设计、系统标定、系统响应、系统响应的测量以及计算推力五个环节中可能出现的各种关键问题分别进行了详细阐述,并提出针对性的改进方法,同时结合空间电推进领域的发展趋势及其对推力测量的需求,为未来的研究给出了针对性的建议。