Modeling of a space flexible probe–cone docking system based on the Kane method

Recent developments in micro- and nano-satellites have attracted the interest of the research community worldwide. Many colleges and corporations have launched their satellites in space. Meanwhile, the space flexible probe–cone docking system for micro- and nano-satellites has become an attractive topic. In this paper, a dynamic model of a space flexible probe–cone docking system, in which the flexible beam technology is applied, is built based on the Kane method. The curves of impact force versus time are obtained by the Lagrange model, the Kane model, and the experimental method. The Lagrange model was presented in the reference and verified by both finite element simulation and experiment. The results of the three methods show good agreements on the condition that the beam flexibility and the initial relative velocity change. It is worth mentioning that the introduction of vectorial mechanics and analytical mechanics in the Kane method leads to a large reduction of differential operations and makes the modeling process much easier than that of the Lagrange method. Moreover, the influences of the beam flexibility and the initial relative velocity are discussed. It is concluded that the initial relative velocity of space docking operation should be controlled to a certain value in order to protect the docking system. a 2014 Production and hosting by Elsevier Ltd. on behalf of CSAA BUAA.     

The mitigation, management, and survivability of asteroid/comet impact with Earth

The chances that Earth will collide with a significant near earth object (NEO) within the next century are very small, but such a collision is possible, would be catastrophic, and could happen at any time. Much discussion has been devoted to methods of diverting these objects away from Earth through the use of space technology. However, if these efforts are unsuccessful, we would need to implement effective strategies to survive the event, no matter how cataclysmic. To date, disaster management for various impact scenarios has not been addressed (except in novels and Hollywood films). An impact disaster may be many orders of magnitude greater than any disaster the human species has ever experienced. Initially, technology and experience gained in other large-scale disasters will most likely form the foundation of how these impact events will be managed and classified. Given the size and energy of the projectile, the estimated area of damage, and whether impact effects might be localized or global in nature, we can begin to build basic disaster response scenarios, anticipate public health concerns, and formulate questions in need of answers. Questions we must deal with include: what will be required technologically, sociologically, and medically to survive? What types of evacuation plans and warning systems might be required? Capabilities in need of further investigation include: technological protection strategies related to ‘impact winter’, expanded chemical hazard control methodologies, food storage and production, roles of national governments, and international cooperation. Whatever the magnitude and severity of the event, we must reflect on what we know, what capabilities we can apply, develop or adapt, and seriously investigate what might be done to manage it and survive.     

冲击载荷作用下的界面扩展裂纹

本文给出了在不同材料界面上扩展裂纹动力学问题解的一般表示。文中利用结合面的边界条件,将问题中所有各量用单一未知函数表示。利用复变函数理论,我们将在不同材料界面上受冲击载荷作用的扩展裂纹问题化为解析函数理论中的Keledysh-Sedov混合问题。文中给出这一问题的闭合解,并且给出了不同材料常数及裂纹扩展速度对应力场分布及应力强度因子的影响。     

振动与冲击传感器的温度响应校准

振动与冲击传感器的灵敏度(校准系数)、阻尼比和谐振频率均为温度的函数。灵敏度随温度变化的特性称之为温度响应。从分析目前传感器温度响应测试方法存在的问题入手,着重介绍了将激光测振应用于温响校准的实施方法、原理和校准装置的技术性能。     

Deep Impact: The Anticipated Flight Data

A comprehensive observational sequence using the Deep Impact (DI) spacecraft instruments (consisting of cameras with two different focal lengths and an infrared spectrometer) will yield data that will permit characterization of the nucleus and coma of comet Tempel 1, both before and after impact by the DI Impactor. Within the constraints of the mission system, the planned data return has been optimized. A subset of the most valuable data is planned for return in near-real time to ensure that the DI mission success criteria will be met even if the spacecraft should not survive the comet’s closest approach. The remaining prime science data will be played back during the first day after the closest approach. The flight data set will include approach observations spanning the 60 days prior to encounter, pre-impact data to characterize the comet at high resolution just prior to impact, photos from the Impactor as it plunges toward the nucleus surface (including resolutions exceeding 1 m), sub-second time sampling of the impact event itself from the Flyby spacecraft, monitoring of the crater formation process and ejecta outflow for over 10 min after impact, observations of the interior of the fully formed crater at spatial resolutions down to a few meters, and high-phase lookback observations of the nucleus and coma for 60 h after closest approach. An inflight calibration data set to accurately characterize the instruments’ performance is also planned. A ground data processing pipeline is under development at Cornell University that will efficiently convert the raw flight data files into calibrated images and spectral maps as well as produce validated archival data sets for delivery to NASA’s Planetary Data System within 6 months after the Earth receipt for use by researchers world-wide.     

Distributed three-dimensional cooperative guidance via receding horizon control

The paper presents a new three-dimensional (3D) cooperative guidance approach by the receding horizon control (RHC) technique. The objective is to coordinate the impact time of a group of interceptor missiles against the stationary target. The framework of a distributed RHC scheme is developed, in which each interceptor missile is assigned its own finite-horizon optimal control problem (FHOCP) and only shares the information with its neighbors. The solution of the local FHOCP is obtained by the constrained particle swarm optimization (PSO) method that is integrated into the distributed RHC framework with enhanced equality and inequality con-straints. The numerical simulations show that the proposed guidance approach is feasible to imple-ment the cooperative engagement with satisfied accuracy of target capture. Finally, the computation efficiency of the distributed RHC scheme is discussed in consideration of the PSO parameters, con-trol update period and prediction horizon.     

Optical flow based guidance system design for semi-strapdown image homing guided missiles

This paper focuses mainly on semi-strapdown image homing guided (SSIHG) system design based on optical flow for a six-degree-of-freedom (6-DOF) axial-symmetric skid-to-turn mis-sile. Three optical flow algorithms suitable for large displacements are introduced and compared. The influence of different displacements on computational accuracy of the three algorithms is ana-lyzed statistically. The total optical flow of the SSIHG missile is obtained using the Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT) algorithm, which is the best among the three for large displacements. After removing the rotational optical flow caused by rotation of the gimbal and missile body from the total optical flow, the remaining translational optical flow is smoothed via Kalman filtering. The circular navigation guidance (CNG) law with impact angle constraint is then obtained utilizing the smoothed translational optical flow and position of the target image. Simulations are carried out under both disturbed and undisturbed conditions, and results indicate the proposed guidance strat-egy for SSIHG missiles can result in a precise target hit with a desired impact angle without the need for the time-to-go parameter.     

Lyapunov-based switched-gain impact angle control guidance

To hit stationary ground targets in specified direction, a nonlinear impact angle control guidance law based on Lyapunov stability theory is proposed. The proposed law ensures the convergence of the heading angle and the miss distance to guarantee a successful engagement. The impact angle can be adjusted by varying a single parameter. And the maximum value of acceleration has been analyzed to get the proper range for control parameter. Considering the achievable impact angle set is limited, an additional phase is added to form a two-phase control strategy. The first phase is to establish a proper initial condition for the second phase, and the second phase is to hit the target with a certain impact angle. An analysis of the proper selection of control parameters to expand the achievable impact angle set is presented. The performance of the proposed guidance law is illustrated with simulations.     

新型抗冲击吸能材料STG的结构和性能分析

为了减小震动冲击对人体的伤害,本文制备了一种具有缓冲作用的剪切增稠凝胶(STG),对其红外和流变性能进行了初步研究,将STG与聚氨酯泡沫(PU)结合提高泡沫的抗冲击性能,通过扫描电镜观察复合前后聚氨酯泡沫的微观形貌。结果表明:B原子顺利地引入硅氧烷链中;有明显的蠕变和剪切增稠性质;STG已经均匀的附着在泡沫泡壁上,并显著提高了聚氨酯泡沫材料的抗冲击性能,当速度达到9 m/s时,纯PU的剩余载荷约为3.6 k N,STG-PU的剩余载荷仅为1.7 k N左右,剩余载荷的减少量达到了53%。     

高可靠度的安全撞击强度公式

针对现有的临界落高测定方法存在的估计精度差、可信程度低的缺点, 建立了高置信度、高可靠度的安全撞击强度公式。该公式可以综合利用当前试验数据和以往积累的试验数据确定安全撞击强度, 从而既提高了估计精度又减少了试验费用。大量Ｍｏｎｔｅ Ｃａｒｌｏ 仿真分析表明,该式不仅可以在小样本条件下确定安全撞击强度, 而且置信度高。最后给出了一个具体应用的实例