Desert RATS 2011: Human and robotic exploration of near-Earth asteroids

The Desert Research and Technology Studies (D-RATS) 2011 field test involved the planning and execution of a series of exploration scenarios under operational conditions similar to those expected during a human exploration mission to a near-Earth asteroid (NEA). The focus was on understanding the operations tempo during simulated NEA exploration and the implications of communications latency and limited data bandwidth. Anchoring technologies and sampling techniques were not evaluated due to the immaturity of those technologies and the inability to meaningfully test them at D-RATS. Reduced gravity analogs and simulations are being used to fully evaluate Space Exploration Vehicle (SEV) and extravehicular (EVA) operations and interactions in near-weightlessness at a NEA as part of NASA's integrated analogs program. Hypotheses were tested by planning and performing a series of 1-day simulated exploration excursions comparing test conditions all of which involved a single Deep Space Habitat (DSH) and either 0, 1, or 2 SEVs; 3 or 4 crewmembers; 1 of 2 different communications bandwidths; and a 50-second each-way communications latency between the field site and Houston. Excursions were executed at the Black Point Lava Flow test site with a remote Mission Control Center and Science Support Room at Johnson Space Center (JSC) being operated with 50-second each-way communication latency to the field. Crews were composed of astronauts and professional field geologists. Teams of Mission Operations and Science experts also supported the mission simulations each day. Data were collected separately from the Crew, Mission Operations, and Science teams to assess the test conditions from multiple perspectives. For the operations tested, data indicates practically significant benefits may be realized by including at least one SEV and by including 4 versus 3 crewmembers in the NEA exploration architecture as measured by increased scientific data quality, EVA exploration time, capability assessment ratings, and consensus acceptability ratings provided by Crew, Mission Operations, and Science teams. A combination of text and voice was used to effectively communicate over the communications latency, and increased communication bandwidth yielded a small but practically significant improvement in overall acceptability as rated by the Science team, although the impact of bandwidth on scientific strategic planning and public outreach was not assessed. No effect of increased bandwidth was observed with respect to Crew or Mission Operations team ratings of overall acceptability.     

基于模糊模式识别的多通道目标选择算法

给出一种多通道用户界面的三维表示模型，证明目标选择是多通道人机交互技术的核心。针对多通道用户界面中输入信息的不精确性，运用模糊模式识别理论，提出根据不精确输入信息进行的目标选择算法。     

采用有限状态机实现控制指令的可靠检测

采用有限状态机设计了一种控制指令检测方法,确保发动机工作状态的可靠控制。介绍了控制指令特征及检测要求,提出了基于有限状态机的检测方法,说明了软件设计,并给出了测试、验证方法及结果。有限状态机模型有助于解决复杂的实时性问题。     

从一起航空运输严重事故征候看航空领域的威胁与差错管理

不安全事件的发生通常经历了威胁-人的差错-意外状态-不安全事件这样一个发展演变的过程。2010年1月13日,上航B5260号机在虹桥机场进近过程中下降低于安全高度,触发近地告警,构成一起航空运输严重事故征候。威胁与差错管理模型揭示:临时变更进近方式构成了来自外部环境的威胁,而航空器驾驶员和管制员在对威胁、人的差错和意外状态管理方面存在的失误是造成这起严重事故征候的主要原因。通过加强对威胁的识别和对人的差错和意外状态的管理,可以提高系统的容错、防错和纠错能力,有效防止不安全事件的发生。     

Effects of geomagnetic activity and atmospheric power variations on quantitative measures of brain activity: Replication of the Azerbaijani studies

This study replicates and extends the observations by Babayev and Allahveriyeva that changes in right hemispheric electroencephalographic activity are correlated with increases in geomagnetic activity. During the geomagnetically quiet interface between solar cycle 23 and 24 quantitative electroencephalographic (QEEG) measurements were completed for normal young adults in three separate experiments involving about 120 samples over 1.5 years. The most consistent, moderate strength correlations occurred for the changes in power within the gamma and theta ranges over the right frontal lobe. Real-time measures of atmospheric power obtained from polar orbiting satellites showed similar effects. The preferential involvement of the right frontal lobe and the regions subject to its inhibition with environmental energetic changes are consistent with the behavioural correlations historically associated with these conditions. They include increased incidence of emotional lability, erroneous reconstruction of experiences, social confrontations, and unusual perceptions.     

Effects of geomagnetic activity variations on the physiological and psychological state of functionally healthy humans: Some results of Azerbaijani studies

There are collaborative and cross-disciplinary space weather studies in the Azerbaijan National Academy of Sciences conducted with purposes of revealing possible effects of solar, geomagnetic and cosmic ray variability on certain technological, biological and ecological systems. This paper describes some results of the experimental studies of influence of the periodical and aperiodical changes of geomagnetic activity upon human brain, human health and psycho-emotional state. It also covers the conclusions of studies on influence of violent solar events and severe geomagnetic storms of the solar cycle 23 on the mentioned systems in middle-latitude location. It is experimentally established that weak and moderate geomagnetic storms do not cause significant changes in the brain’s bioelectrical activity and exert only stimulating influence while severe disturbances of geomagnetic conditions cause negative influence, seriously disintegrate brain’s functionality, activate braking processes and amplify the negative emotional background of an individual. It is concluded that geomagnetic disturbances affect mainly emotional and vegetative spheres of human beings while characteristics reflecting personality properties do not undergo significant changes.     

线性时变系统的终端关机控制

本文使用状态转移矩阵与积分型级数解表达式,推出了线性时变系统外干扰完全补偿原理表达式,此式简单、精确,便于终端关机方程使用,文中并给出了一组初值t_p,Ψ可变动的伴随函数解析解表达式。     

美国宪法中的“贸易条款”

从1787年美国宪法制定至今已有200多年，这部牛车时代制定的不过8000字的宪法修改很少，却能够适应逐步形成的现代工业社会的需要，主要原因是宪法中的某些重要措辞如“贸易条款”、“必要与适当”、“正当程序”及“诚实信用”等极富弹性。美国宪法第1和第8款第3项的“贸易条款”最集中地体现了它的价值。因此，了解美国宪法中的“贸易条款”对于认识美国宪法和法律具有重要意义。     

基于GPR模型的自适应平方根容积卡尔曼滤波算法

与传统算法一样,动态系统的参数化模型(含噪声统计特性)未知或不够准确易导致容积卡尔曼滤波(CKF)效果严重下降,甚至滤波结果发散.为此,利用高斯过程回归(GPR)方法对训练数据进行学习,得到动态系统的状态转移GPR模型和量测GPR模型以及噪声统计特性,用以替代或增强原有动态系统模型,并将其融入到平方根容积卡尔曼滤波(SRCKF)中,分别提出了无模型高斯过程SRCKF (MFGP-SRCKF)和模型增强高斯过程SRCKF (MEGP-SRCKF)两种算法.仿真结果表明:这两种新的自适应滤波算法提高了动态系统模型精度,且实时自适应调整噪声的协方差,克服了传统算法滤波性能易受系统模型限制的问题;与MFGP-SRCKF相比,在给定一个不够准确的参数化模型,且有限的训练数据未能遍布估计状态空间的情况下,MEGP-SRCKF具备更高的滤波精度.     

有效载荷基频降低对火箭动特性的影响

为了分析有效载荷基频降低对火箭动特性的影响规律,采用纵横扭一体化梁模型与耦合质量方法模拟箭体承力结构与液体推进剂,使用NASTRAN中的RBE2单元模拟芯级与助推器连接接头.通过修改有效载荷有限元模型以得到不同的有效载荷基频,选取飞行过程中的四个典型秒状态,计算三种不同有效载荷基频下全箭的前九阶固有振动频率.结果表明：纵横扭一体化梁模型在进行全箭动特性分析时模型简单,结果满足要求,可用于设计初期的模态分析;同时,分析得到基频降低对全箭动特性的影响规律,给卫星设计人员提供了相关依据.