Vehicle State and Parameter Estimation Based on Dual Unscented Particle Filter Algorithm

Acquisition of real-time and accurate vehicle state and parameter information is critical to the research of vehicle dynamic control system. By studying the defects of the former Kalman filter based estimation method, a new estimating method is proposed. First the nonlinear vehicle dynamics system, containing inaccurate model pa rameters and constant noise, is established. Then a dual unscented particle filter （DUPF） algorithm is proposed. In the algorithm two unscented particle filters run in parallel, states estimation and parameters estimation update each other. The results of simulation and vehicle ground testing indicate that the DUPF algorithm has higher state estimation accuracy than unscented Kalman filter （UKF） and dual extended Kalman filter （DEKF）, and it also has good capability to revise model parameters.     

A Delphi-Based Framework for systems architecting of in-orbit exploration infrastructure for human exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit

The current debate in the U.S. Human Spaceflight Program focuses on the development of the next generation of man-rated heavy lift launch vehicles. While launch vehicle systems are of critical importance for future exploration, a comprehensive analysis of the entire exploration infrastructure is required to avoid costly pitfalls at early stages of the design process. This paper addresses this need by presenting a Delphi-Based Systems Architecting Framework for integrated architectural analysis of future in-orbit infrastructure for human space exploration beyond Low Earth Orbit. The paper is structured in two parts.     

Evolution and History in a new “Mathematical SETI” model

In a recent paper (Maccone, 2011 [15]) and in a recent book (Maccone, 2012 [17]), this author proposed a new mathematical model capable of merging SETI and Darwinian Evolution into a single mathematical scheme. This model is based on exponentials and lognormal probability distributions, called “b-lognormals” if they start at any positive time b (“birth”) larger than zero. Indeed:

• 1.Darwinian evolution theory may be regarded as a part of SETI theory in that the factor f_l in the Drake equation represents the fraction of planets suitable for life on which life actually arose, as it happened on Earth.
• 2.In 2008 (Maccone, 2008 [9]) this author firstly provided a statistical generalization of the Drake equation where the number N of communicating ET civilizations in the Galaxy was shown to follow the lognormal probability distribution. This fact is a consequence of the Central Limit Theorem (CLT) of Statistics, stating that the product of a number of independent random variables whose probability densities are unknown and independent of each other approached the lognormal distribution if the number of factors is increased at will, i.e. it approaches infinity.
• 3.Also, in Maccone (2011 [15]), it was shown that the exponential growth of the number of species typical of Darwinian Evolution may be regarded as the geometric locus of the peaks of a one-parameter family of b-lognormal distributions constrained between the time axis and the exponential growth curve. This was a brand-new result. And one more new and far-reaching idea was to define Darwinian Evolution as a particular realization of a stochastic process called Geometric Brownian Motion (GBM) having the above exponential as its own mean value curve.
• 4.The b-lognormals may be also be interpreted as the lifespan of any living being, let it be a cell, or an animal, a plant, a human, or even the historic lifetime of any civilization. In Maccone, (2012 [17, Chapters 6, 7, 8 and 11]), as well as in the present paper, we give important exact equations yielding the b-lognormal when its birth time, senility-time (descending inflexion point) and death time (where the tangent at senility intercepts the time axis) are known. These also are brand-new results. In particular, the σ=1 b-lognormals are shown to be related to the golden ratio, so famous in the arts and in architecture, and these special b-lognormals we call “golden b-lognormals”.
• 5.Applying this new mathematical apparatus to Human History leads to the discovery of the exponential trend of progress between Ancient Greece and the current USA Empire as the envelope of the b-lognormals of all Western Civilizations over a period of 2500 years.
• 6.We then invoke Shannon's Information Theory. The entropy of the obtained b-lognormals turns out to be the index of “development level” reached by each historic civilization. As a consequence, we get a numerical estimate of the entropy difference (i.e. the difference in the evolution levels) between any two civilizations. In particular, this was the case when Spaniards first met with Aztecs in 1519, and we find the relevant entropy difference between Spaniards an Aztecs to be 3.84 bits/individual over a period of about 50 centuries of technological difference. In a similar calculation, the entropy difference between the first living organism on Earth (RNA?) and Humans turns out to equal 25.57 bits/individual over a period of 3.5 billion years of Darwinian Evolution.
• 7.Finally, we extrapolate our exponentials into the future, which is of course arbitrary, but is the best Humans can do before they get in touch with any alien civilization. The results are appalling: the entropy difference between aliens 1 million years more advanced than Humans is of the order of 1000 bits/individual, while 10,000 bits/individual would be requested to any Civilization wishing to colonize the whole Galaxy (Fermi Paradox).
• 8.In conclusion, we have derived a mathematical model capable of estimating how much more advanced than humans an alien civilization will be when SETI succeeds.

     

卫星编队飞行相对位置自适应协同控制

针对卫星编队飞行相对位置协同控制问题,基于编队卫星相对运动非线性动力学方程和一致性理论设计了两种自适应协同控制器。首先,在卫星质量不确定和星间信息交互存在通信时延的条件下,设计了一种全状态反馈自适应协同控制器,并证明了该控制策略对空间摄动力的鲁棒性。其次,进一步考虑速度信息不可测的条件下,采用滤波器设计了一种无速度反馈的自适应协同控制器。最后,以编队构型重构为例对两种自适应协同控制器进行了仿真校验。仿真结果表明：两种自适应协同控制器均可有效应用于卫星编队飞行相对位置的协同控制,能够保证编队卫星对各自期望轨迹跟踪的同时暂态保持编队构型的稳定,具有较高的控制精度。     

基于SIMP法的周期性传热材料拓扑优化

为了实现基于宏观热传导条件的周期性材料微结构设计,建立了基于固体各向同性材料惩罚法的周期性结构拓扑优化模型.模型以体积比为约束,散热弱度最小为优化目标.为了满足周期性约束,将设计域划分为若干相同子区域,并重新分配散热弱度.基于偏微分方程的图像处理方式可以有效地消除棋盘格和网格依赖性现象.讨论并分析了不同子区域个数及不同载荷工况对拓扑优化构型的影响.数值实验结果表明:周期性结构的建模方式可以实现基于宏观稳态热传导条件的周期性材料微结构设计.子区域个数不同时,优化得到不同的微结构构型,这反映了尺寸效应对材料设计的影响.当子区域个数不断增加时,优化结果逐渐趋向收敛于均匀化方法对应的极限值.      

星间测距对小卫星编队相对轨道状态的修正

相对轨道状态确定是小卫星编队正常工作的基础和重要保障.针对小型化、低成本的星载GPS接收机定轨精度较低的情况,提出一种利用单纯星间测距信息对卫星编队相对轨道进行修正的方法.引入星间测距信息,采用扩展卡尔曼滤波算法提高编队的相对轨道估计精度.通过仿真验证,证实了该方案的有效性.     

含扩张状态观测器的高超声速飞行器动态面姿态控制

针对高超声速飞行器复杂非线性、高不确定性和强通道耦合等特点,提出了一种飞行器姿态控制的非线性设计方法。根据高超声速飞行器无动力飞行的姿态运动方程组,给出一个可面向姿态控制的非线性设计模型。针对一类非线性系统,提出了一种基于扩张状态观测器（ESO）的动态逆设计方法,并通过动态面控制理论,将其应用于高超声速飞行器的三通道姿态控制中。仿真结果表明,相比基于传统动态逆的动态面控制方案,本文所提出的控制方案可以保证飞行器快速、精确地跟踪角位置指令,并且具备针对系统不确定性的强鲁棒性能。     

基于状态重构的吸气式高超声速飞行器鲁棒反演控制

针对吸气式高超声速飞行器参数不确定弹性体模型,仅考虑速度、高度和俯仰角速度可测的情况,提出了一种基于状态重构的鲁棒反演控制器设计方法。首先,将被控对象模型表示为严格反馈形式,分别采用动态逆和反演设计实际控制律和虚拟控制律;其次,引入反正切跟踪微分器来简化虚拟控制律求导运算,并用于对弹道角和攻角进行状态重构;最后,为了保证反演控制器的鲁棒性,基于非线性-线性跟踪微分器,设计了一种新型非线性干扰观测器,可实现对模型不确定项的精确估计和补偿。仿真结果表明,所提策略取得了较高的状态重构精度,控制器能够克服模型不确定项的影响,且能保证速度和高度对参考输入的稳定跟踪。     

空间用固态限流保护电路的小型化设计与实现

设计了一款采用指令控制模式且具有通断指示和限流保护调节功能的固态限流保护电路,可替代空间电源母线中的熔断器,用于浪涌电流抑制和负载过流保护。为满足产品的小型化设计需求,电路采用厚膜工艺布局布线,微组装技术生产制造。通过电路仿真、版图设计及应用测试,电路性能满足设计要求,且产品尺寸仅为25mm×23mm×55mm,在小型化设计方面具有显著优势,作为新兴的固态配电保护产品在空间供配电系统中具有良好的应用前景。     

高温热管技术研究进展与展望

高温热管的工作温度高,传热性能好,在高超声速飞行器热防护、空间核反应堆冷却、太阳能利用等方面具有广阔的应用前景。报告了高温热管技术的研究现状,包括高温热管的冷冻启动特性研究、传热性能研究、试验研究、数值分析研究;介绍了放置倾角、工质物性参数、工质充装量、不凝气体含量、材料、结构和尺寸等因素对高温热管启动和传热性能的影响规律,以及高温热管技术在高超声速飞行器热防护、空间核反应堆冷却、太阳能利用等方面的应用研究等;指出了高温热管数值分析模型和工程应用验证等一系列有待深化研究的方向;提出了进一步深入研究高温热管技术的详细建议。