基于逆模拟分析的民用飞机操纵状态再现研究

民航飞行事故原因调查分析时，常常要对飞机的操纵状态进行再现分析。但由于FDR数据缺失、设备损坏等各类原因，对飞行员的操纵情况并不能准确有效地还原。采用逆模拟技术是解决飞行操纵状态再现分析的有效途径。逆模拟技术是通过已知的系统输出确定动态系统控制输入的计算方法。在众多逆模拟算法中，积分逆模拟算法由于具有模型独立、实现简单而得到广泛应用。对某中型民用运输机采用积分逆模拟方法，对一个简单的飞机操纵进行了再现分析。分析了积分逆模过程中的收敛区间和稳定性，并总结了使用积分逆模拟算法的注意要点。     

从一起飞机滑梯救生包系带问题浅谈人为因素分析

本文就一起看似简单的B757飞机逃离滑梯救生包系带问题未能正确纠正的事件,结合加拿大运输部的人为差错12个"陷阱"(Dirty Dozen),从人为因素的角度进行了简要的分析,为我们在日常航空安全管理中如何系统地分析、解决问题提供了一个案例。     

Long term changes of altimeter range and geophysical corrections at altimetry calibration sites

Accurate sea level trend determination is fundamentally related to calibration of both the instrument as well as to investigate if there are linear trends in the set of standard geophysical and range corrections applied to the sea level observations. Long term changes in range corrections can leak into the observed sea level record and be interpreted as part of the sea level trend. Particularly if these exhibit anomalous trend close to the satellite calibration sites.     

Building components for an outpost on the Lunar soil by means of a novel 3D printing technology

3D-printing technologies are receiving an always increasing attention in architecture, due to their potential use for direct construction of buildings and other complex structures, also of considerable dimensions, with virtually any shape. Some of these technologies rely on an agglomeration process of inert materials, e.g. sand, through a special binding liquid and this capability is of interest for the space community for its potential application to space exploration. In fact, it opens the possibility for exploiting in-situ resources for the construction of buildings in harsh spatial environments. The paper presents the results of a study aimed at assessing the concept of 3D printing technology for building habitats on the Moon using lunar soil, also called regolith. A particular patented 3D-printing technology – D-shape – has been applied, which is, among the existing rapid prototyping systems, the closest to achieving full scale construction of buildings and the physical and chemical characteristics of lunar regolith and terrestrial regolith simulants have been assessed with respect to the working principles of such technology. A novel lunar regolith simulant has also been developed, which almost exactly reproduces the characteristics of the JSC-1A simulant produced in the US. Moreover, tests in air and in vacuum have been performed to demonstrate the occurrence of the reticulation reaction with the regolith simulant. The vacuum tests also showed that evaporation or freezing of the binding liquid can be prevented through a proper injection method. The general requirements of a Moon outpost have been specified, and a preliminary design of the habitat has been developed. Based on such design, a section of the outpost wall has been selected and manufactured at full scale using the D-shape printer and regolith simulant. Test pieces have also been manufactured and their mechanical properties have been assessed.     

Human exploration of near earth asteroids: Mission analysis for chemical and electric propulsion

This paper presents a mission analysis comparison of human missions to asteroids using two distinct architectures. The objective is to determine if either architecture can reduce launch mass with respect to the other, while not sacrificing other performance metrics such as mission duration. One architecture relies on chemical propulsion, the traditional workhorse of space exploration. The second combines chemical and electric propulsion into a hybrid architecture that attempts to utilize the strengths of each, namely the short flight times of chemical propulsion and the propellant efficiency of electric propulsion. The architectures are thoroughly detailed, and accessibility of the known asteroid population is determined for both. The most accessible asteroids are discussed in detail. Aspects such as mission abort scenarios and vehicle reusability are also discussed. Ultimately, it is determined that launch mass can be greatly reduced with the hybrid architecture, without a notable increase in mission duration. This demonstrates that significant performance improvements can be introduced to the next step of human space exploration with realistic electric propulsion system capabilities. This leads to immediate cost savings for human exploration and simultaneously opens a path of technology development that leads to technologies enabling access to even further destinations in the future.     

Might astronauts one day be treated like return samples?

The next time humans set foot on the Moon or another planet, will we treat the crew like we would a sample return mission when they come back to Earth? This may seem a surprising or even provocative question, but it is one we need to address. The hurdles and hazards of sending humans to Mars – for example, the technology constraints and physiological and psychological challenges – are many; but let us not forget the need to protect populations and environments from the risk of contamination [United Nations, treaty on principles governing the activities of states in the exploration and use of outer space, including the Moon and other celestial bodies (the “Outer Space Treaty”) referenced 610 UNTS 205 - resolution 2222(XXI) of December 1966].     

An environmentally sensitive dynamic human model for LSS robustness studies with the V-HAB simulation

The development of efficient and safe Life Support Systems is one of the key drivers of the Global Solar System Exploration efforts. For each task performed by Life Support Systems (LSS) a great multitude of sub-system concepts exist and the challenge is to find the optimal combination of sub-systems for a given mission scenario. On a sub-system level the Equivalent Systems Mass (ESM) trade study approach is well suited to effectively compare sub-system options. On a system level in addition to ESM data time dependent sub-system performances within an overall system must be addressed. Criteria such as system stability, controllability and effectiveness must be considered in order to be able to assess the dynamic robustness of systems designed to the averages. In an effort to establish a dynamic simulation environment for this type of LSS optimizations the “Virtual Habitat” tool (V-HAB) is being developed at the Technical University of Munich (TUM). This paper introduces the most important part of the Virtual Habitat simulation, which is the human model.     

自寻优求解法建立涡轴发动机状态变量模型

采用自寻优求解法建立小偏差状态变量模型(SVM),即先任意给定A,B,C,D矩阵,然后根据发动机非线性模型与状态变量模型的小偏差动态响应对比直接寻优A,B,C,D矩阵.求解目的为使状态变量模型与非线性模型的小偏差动态响应吻合,因而应用该方法可以保证所建模型具有较高的精度.此外该方法不受模型阶次的限制.应用该方法建立了某型涡轴发动机的小偏差状态变量模型,通过与非线性模型仿真结果比较,验证了该方法的有效性和准确性,所建立的状态变量模型可用于航空发动机控制系统设计与故障诊断.      

Fluid and electrolyte alterations during prolonged hypokinesia

The physiological and biochemical systems that regulate the level of each electrolyte in blood and other endogenous fluids, and the balance between the consumption and loss of fluid and electrolytes and the total fluid and electrolyte content of the body are significantly affected during hypokinesia (HK; diminished movement). Among the known effects of HK, the fluid and electrolyte deficiency has drawn a great interest due to the higher fluid and electrolyte deficiency with higher than lower fluid and electrolyte consumption. The impossibility of the body to use fluid and electrolytes, after the fluid and electrolyte deficiency has been established, has drawn the greatest interest. The fluid shifting to the thoracic region and the daily body rehydration are considered as the most effective methods to counteract fluid and electrolyte changes. To this end, the objective of this review was to report some of the findings in the fluid and electrolyte deficiency and fluid and electrolyte loss with fluid and electrolyte deficiency during prolonged HK.     

带干扰补偿的挠性航天器变结构输出反馈控制

 研究了在控制量受限的情况下,挠性航天器的变结构输出反馈和干扰补偿的控制方法。在控制律的设计中,用变结构输出反馈控制来抑制挠性附件的振动,用扩展状态观测器对系统的不确定性和干扰力矩进行估计并给予实时补偿。仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。