Emergence of a Habitable Planet

We address the first several hundred million years of Earth’s history. The Moon-forming impact left Earth enveloped in a hot silicate atmosphere that cooled and condensed over ∼1,000 yrs. As it cooled the Earth degassed its volatiles into the atmosphere. It took another ∼2 Myrs for the magma ocean to freeze at the surface. The cooling rate was determined by atmospheric thermal blanketing. Tidal heating by the new Moon was a major energy source to the magma ocean. After the mantle solidified geothermal heat became climatologically insignificant, which allowed the steam atmosphere to condense, and left behind a ∼100 bar, ∼500 K CO₂ atmosphere. Thereafter cooling was governed by how quickly CO₂ was removed from the atmosphere. If subduction were efficient this could have taken as little as 10 million years. In this case the faint young Sun suggests that a lifeless Earth should have been cold and its oceans white with ice. But if carbonate subduction were inefficient the CO₂ would have mostly stayed in the atmosphere, which would have kept the surface near ∼500 K for many tens of millions of years. Hydrous minerals are harder to subduct than carbonates and there is a good chance that the Hadean mantle was dry. Hadean heat flow was locally high enough to ensure that any ice cover would have been thin (<5 m) in places. Moreover hundreds or thousands of asteroid impacts would have been big enough to melt the ice triggering brief impact summers. We suggest that plate tectonics as it works now was inadequate to handle typical Hadean heat flows of 0.2–0.5 W/m². In its place we hypothesize a convecting mantle capped by a ∼100 km deep basaltic mush that was relatively permeable to heat flow. Recycling and distillation of hydrous basalts produced granitic rocks very early, which is consistent with preserved >4 Ga detrital zircons. If carbonates in oceanic crust subducted as quickly as they formed, Earth could have been habitable as early as 10–20 Myrs after the Moon-forming impact.     

硼酸盐玻璃中稀土离子的发光研究

应用荧光光谱、红外振动光谱等研究了在可见光区发光的Ｐｒ（３＋），Ｓｍ（３＋），Ｅｕ（３＋），Ｔｂ（３＋），Ｄｙ（３＋），Ｅｒ（３＋）和Ｔｍ（３＋）等镧系稀土离子在硼酸盐玻璃中的发光行为，系统地分析了稀土离子在硼酸盐玻璃基质中的激发谱和发光谱特性。     

对流层特大暴雨天气对电离层变化的影响

研究气象活动对电离层变化的影响．利用时序叠加方法，通过对1958-1998年期间发生在武汉的5次特大暴雨天气事件对武汉上空电离层变化的影响进行分析，发现：(1)特大暴雨能够引起低电离层，fbEs和，f0Es参量较明显地减小；(2)特大暴雨对电离层F区寻常波描迹的最低虚高h′F和电离层等效峰高hpF的参量也有一定影响，且随着雨量的增大这种影响作用也会增加；(3)特大暴雨对电离层其他参量影响甚弱或没有影响．本文认为，特大暴雨天气事件对电离层的影响主要来自于动力过程，特别是特大暴雨激发的或相伴的大气重力波、潮汐波和行星波等长周期大尺度过程的作用．     

Acceleration of interplanetary pick-up ions and anomalous cosmic rays

It may not be doubted anymore that anomalous cosmic rays (ACRs) are produced in the heliosphere from interplanetary pick-up ions through their acceleration at the solar wind termination shock. However, there is no general agreement in the community of heliospheric researchers concerning the mechanism of injection of the pick-up ions into the shock acceleration. We discuss here three possible ways for pick-up ions to be involved into the acceleration process at the termination shock: (1) preacceleration of pick-up ions in the whole region from the Sun up to the termination shock by solar wind turbulences and interplanetary shock waves, (2) local preacceleration of pick-up ions in a vicinity of the termination shock by shock surfing, and (3) formation of high-velocity tails in pick-up ion spectra consisting of secondary pick-up ions which are produced in the supersonic solar wind due to ionization of energetic neutral atoms entering from the inner heliosheath.     

Avoid online radiation risk: Theoretical simulation of chromosome breaks in cells exposed to heavy ions

In this study, we report an easy and quick method on simulating chromosome breaks in cells exposed to heavy charged particles. The theoretical value of chromosome break was calculated, and validated comparison with experimental value by using premature chromosome condensation technique. A good consistency was found between theoretical and experimental value. This suggested that higher relative biological effectiveness of heavy ions was closely correlated with its physical characteristics. Also, a safe approach on predicting chromosome breaks in cells exposed to heavy ions at off-line environment can be considered. Furthermore, three key factors influencing the theoretical simulation was investigated and discussed.     

重型货物空投系统过程仿真及特性分析

建立了货物空投系统仿真计算模型,包括货台在舱内和舱外全过程的运动特性、降落伞拉直和充气过程的轨迹特性计算等,提出了伞群模拟和多吊带系统分析的新方法。结合目前已有的降落伞性能计算模型和物伞系统运动模型,对重型货物空投全过程进行了完整计算,开发了空投过程三维动画仿真软件,通过与试验数据的对比,表明本模型能很好地满足应用的需要。分析了空投速度、伞包安装位置和牵引比等因素对空投过程的影响,指出了实际系统的改进方向。     

激波风洞重模型气动力试验研究

在激波风洞上进行气动力试验时,风洞启动时巨大的冲击载荷使模型-天平受到充分的激励,从而形成惯性干扰力,并与真实气动力混杂在一起,甚至完全覆盖气动力,降低了试验精准度,使得试验模型的质量受到极大的限制。本文介绍了CARDC-dia.2米激波风洞进行大、重模型的压电天平气动力试验研究情况,包括天平设计、天平校准、惯性补偿和风洞试验等几个方面。研究结果表明:气动力试验模型质量可从过去的500g增加到8kg,模型长度可达1m。从而提高了激波风洞测力试验能力,能满足高超声速飞行器试验的需求。     

Coupling damage and reliability model of low-cycle fatigue and high energy impact based on the local stress–strain approach

Fatigue induced products generally bear fatigue loads accompanied by impact processes,which reduces their reliable life rapidly. This paper introduces a reliability assessment model based on a local stress–strain approach considering both low-cycle fatigue and high energy impact loads.Two coupling relationships between fatigue and impact are given with effects of an impact process on fatigue damage and effects of fatigue damage on impact performance. The analysis of the former modifies the fatigue parameters and the Manson–Coffin equation for fatigue life based on material theories. On the other hand, the latter proposes the coupling variables and the difference of fracture toughness caused by accumulative fatigue damage. To form an overall reliability model including both fatigue failure and impact failure, a competing risk model is developed. A case study of an actuator cylinder is given to validate this method.     

高能合成煤油GN-1性能研究 --“液体火箭推进”专刊

结合火箭发动机工程应用环境,研究了GN-1煤油高温高压热物性、安全特性、传热结焦性能以及点火延迟性能,并和现役火箭煤油作了对比分析。采用商业仪器对GN-1煤油在最高200℃、最高压力25MPa范围内的密度、黏度、定压比热容、导热系数、表面张力进行了实验测量。在实验数据的基础上,依据基团贡献法、基于比容平移法则的P-R方程、摩擦理论、广义对应态原理分别对GN-1煤油在最高350℃、最高压力60MPa范围内的密度、黏度、定压比热容、导热系数、表面张力进行了理论计算,建立了GN-1煤油的密度方程、黏度方程、导热系数方程,并将方程的计算值与实验值进行了对比,计算偏差较小。对GN-1煤油和火箭煤油的安全性能进行对比研究,GN-1煤油的闪点为40℃,自燃温度为305℃,高于火箭煤油(225℃);燃点为47℃,低于火箭煤油(82℃),GN-1煤油的爆炸极限范围为0.44%-2.9%（40℃）。GN-1煤油和火箭煤油的急性经口毒性LD50＞5000mg/kg,均属于第五级化合物（实际无毒）。在入口压力10 MPa,流速10 m·s-1,内壁温480℃条件下,GN-1煤油的传热系数比火箭煤油提高14.4%,建立了传热准则方程。GN-1煤油出口油温220℃时试验段平均结焦速率是出口油温150℃时的4.43倍,GN-1煤油不锈钢材质管路中试验段平均结焦为高合管材质管路中的22.3%。在970K-1105K温度范围内,GN-1煤油的点火延迟时间为320μs-471μs,是火箭煤油的55.6%-69.3%。相关研究可对发动机可靠设计及应用提供重要参考。     

点燃式航空重油活塞发动机冷起动控制策略

针对点燃式航空重油活塞发动机低温起动困难问题,采取了空气辅助缸内直喷技术手段,开展了冷起动控制策略研究及试验验证研究,解决了-10 ℃发动机低温顺利起动问题。提取了影响冷起动的关键控制参数,并对其进行了规律研究,获得了环境温度对各参数的最优匹配结果及试验验证;定义了点燃式重油发动机的冷起动阶段,根据匹配和试验结果获得了关键参数与缸体温度的映射关系,设计了冷起动策略并进行了试验验证。结果表明:缸体温度在-10～20 ℃之间,最佳喷油提前角在上止点前50°~85°范围,最佳点火提前角为上止点前45°可以保证重油发动机平稳起动,起动时间小于3 s。