快速模型预测控制用于微型直升机航迹跟踪

为实现微型共轴无人直升机(MCUH)的航迹跟踪,考虑系统的状态和输入约束,利用非线性模型预测控制(NMPC)技术设计一种快速在线的控制器。首先,简化MCUH的非线性模型,利用系统的微分平坦特性生成满足直升机动力学的可行航迹,沿着该航迹对系统进行线性化,得到近似直升机非线性动力学的线性时变(LTV)模型。然后,将传统输出航迹跟踪NMPC问题转化为LTV-MPC优化问题,降低问题的复杂度,为确保航迹跟踪误差系统的指数渐近稳定,分别设计终端域和终端罚值。最后,通过数值仿真,验证快速在线NMPC策略的可行性。结果表明:设计的预测控制器误差控制精度高、求解速度快,可实现对有约束的时变航迹的跟踪。     

PMI泡沫发展现状及其在直升机上的应用

对PMI泡沫的制备工艺、性能特点以及国内外发展现状进行了简要综述,重点对其在直升机上的应用进行介绍,以期为材料研究人员和直升机复合材料结构选材用材提供帮助。     

直升机飞行/推进系统综合模型的建立

利用递阶,分散的控制思想,将直升机对象划分为三个具有独立功能,便于建模的子系统,即直升机,旋翼,发动机子系统,再在各子系统模型基础上根据各子系统间的耦合关系,建立了整个系统的模型。其中四片铰接式旋翼模型起着纽带作用,只有充分考虑机体／旋翼及发动机／旋翼间耦合关系才能建立直升机飞行／推进综合模型,仿真结果证明了建模方法的有效性,为直升机飞行／推进综合控制系统的建立奠定了基础。     

Panel/full-span free-wake coupled method for unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blade

A full-span free-wake method is coupled with an unsteady panel method to accurately predict the unsteady aerodynamics of helicopter rotor blades in hover and forward flight. The unsteady potential-based panel method is used to consider aerodynamics of finite thickness multi-bladed rotors, and the full-span free-wake method is applied to simulating dynamics of rotor wake. These methods are tightly coupled through trailing-edge Kutta condition and by converting doublet-wake panels to full-span vortex filaments. A velocity-field integration technique is also adopted to overcome singularity problem during the interaction between the rotor wake and blades. Helicopter rotors including Caradonna-Tung, UH-60A, and AH-1G rotors, are simulated in hover and forward flight to validate the accuracy of this approach. The predicted aerodynamic loads of rotor blades agree well with available measured data and computational fluid dynamics (CFD) results, and the unsteady dynamics of rotor wake is also well simulated. Compared to CFD, the present method obtains accurate results more efficiently and is suitable to rotorcraft aeroelastic analysis.     

A fully automated framework for helicopter rotor blades design and analysis including aerodynamics,structure, and manufacturing

This study describes an integrated framework in which basic aerospace engineering aspects (performance, aerodynamics, and structure) and practical aspects (configuration visualiza-tion and manufacturing) are coupled and considered in one fully automated design optimization of rotor blades. A number of codes are developed to robustly perform estimation of helicopter config-uration from sizing, performance analysis, trim analysis, to rotor blades configuration representa-tion. These codes are then integrated with a two-dimensional airfoil analysis tool to fully design rotor blades configuration including rotor planform and airfoil shape for optimal aerodynamics in both hover and forward flights. A modular structure design methodology is developed for real-istic composite rotor blades with a sophisticated cross-sectional geometry. A D-spar cross-sectional structure is chosen as a baseline. The framework is able to analyze all realistic inner configurations including thicknesses of D-spar, skin, web, number and ply angles of layers of each composite part, and materials. A number of codes and commercial software (ANSYS, Gridgen, VABS, PreVABS, etc.) are implemented to automate the structural analysis from aerodynamic data processing to sec-tional properties and stress analysis. An integrated model for manufacturing cost estimation of composite rotor blades developed at the Aerodynamic Analysis and Design Laboratory (AADL), Aerospace Information Engineering Department, Konkuk University is integrated into the framework to provide a rapid and dynamic feedback to configuration design. The integration of three modules has constructed a framework where the size of a helicopter, aerodynamic performance analysis, structure analysis, and manufacturing cost estimation could be quickly investigated. All aspects of a rotor blade including planform, airfoil shape, and inner structure are considered in a multidisciplinary design optimization without an exception of critical configuration.     

基于SuperMap复杂地形下的直升机飞行计划制定方法研究

制定飞行计划是直升机飞行前一项必要的准备工作。面对山区、人工构筑物较多、气象条件恶劣等复杂环境,制定飞行计划时必须考虑直升机性能。本文选定某一航路,针对其复杂地形,利用SuperMap软件绘制目视航图,并根据直升机的性能选择合适的飞行高度,计算燃油量,制定完整的飞行计划。     

直升机动部件小子样全尺寸疲劳试验件的x~2检验

本文将X~2检验——“检验一个小子样是否来自已知标准差的母体”方法应用于直升机动部件的疲劳试验数据统计处理中,并与传统方法获得的结论进行了对比。结果表明:同样的小子样试验数据,若运用检验合格的结论,在同样的可靠度下,能较大幅度地提高零件的疲劳寿命。     

Aerodynamic/aeroacoustic variable-fidelity optimization of helicopter rotor based on hierarchical Kriging model

Rotor noise is one of the most important reasons for restricting helicopter development; hence, the optimization design of rotor blade considering aeroacoustic and aerodynamic performance at the same time has always been the focus of research attention. For complex rotor design problems with a large number of design variables, the efficiency of the traditional Kriging model needs to be improved. Thus, Hierarchical Kriging (HK) model is employed in this study for rotor optimization design. By using the validated RANS solver and acoustic method based on the FW–H_pds equation, an efficient aerodynamic/aeroacoustic optimization method for high-dimensional problem of rotors in hover based on HK model is developed. By using present HK model and new infill-sampling criteria, the number of design variables is increased from less than 20–53. Results of two analytical function test cases show that the HK model is efficient and accurate in calculation. Subsequently, the helicopter rotor blade is optimally designed for aerodynamic/aeroacoustic performance in hover based on the HK model with high dimensional design variables. The objective function is adopted to improve the rotational noise characteristics by reducing the absolute peak of the acoustic pressure. In addition, the constraints of thrust, hover efficiency, solidity, and airfoils thickness are strictly satisfied. Optimization results show that the Kriging model finds the objective of reducing the noise by 2.87 dB after 248 iterations while the HK model does it only after 164 iterations. The optimization efficiency of the HK model is significantly higher than that of the traditional Kriging model. In the case analyzed, the HK model saves 35% of the time used by the Kriging model.     

预估旋翼气动干扰的工程方法

本文通过查取由涡流理论求出的旋翼对某一点的气动干扰图表,求得干扰系数。并以海豚和黑鹰直升机为例进行对比计算,获得了满意的结果。     

直升机海上应急救援能力评估研究

将直升机海上应急救援过程中“事前预防—事中响应—事后恢复”3 个阶段的安全问题考虑到应急救援体系中,可有效评估直升机海上应急救援能力,提高其应急救援效率。基于“5W1H”分析法设计研究框架,通过文献分析、问卷调查、专家咨询等方法对直升机海上应急救援能力评估指标进行筛选,确定出21 项评价指标并构建直升机海上应急救援能力评估指标体系;利用基于D-S 证据理论的层次分析法确定指标权重,运用模糊综合评估法构建直升机海上应急救援能力综合评估模型;将该评估模型应用到以海上风机维护人员受伤为例的救援演练中,得分为86.89,判定救援能力为“较强”。结果表明：该评价指标体系和评估模型有一定的实用性,能够有效评价直升机海上应急救援的能力。