Cross-sectional deformation behavior of double-ridged rectangular tube with fillers in different stages of H-typed bending

The bent double-ridged rectangular tube (DRRT) with high forming quality is helpful to improve the microwave transmission accuracy. For reducing the cross-sectional deformation in the H-typed bending process, in addition to using rigid mandrel to support the inside of tube, ridge groove fillers are also added to restrict the deformation of ridge grooves. Because of the change of stress and strain state of bent tube in bending, rigid mandrel retracting and specially twice-springback stages, and the springback of fillers, the cross-sectional deformation of tube in each stage may be different. Therefore, based on the ABAQUS platform, the finite element models (FEM) for H-typed bending, mandrel retracting and twice-springback stages of H96 DRRT with fillers were established and validated. It is found that, for the height and width deformation of tube and spacing deformation of ridge grooves, retraction of mandrel can make the distribution of these deformations more uniform along the bending direction. The first springback can reduce these deformations significantly, which should be emphasized. But the second springback only increases them by less amount, which can be ignored. The smaller height deformation of ridge groove and filler can be neglected.     

Advances in critical technologies for hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnel

Hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels and their measurement techniques are the cornerstone of the hypersonic flight era that is a dream for human beings to fly faster, higher and further. The great progress has been achieved during the recent years and their critical technologies are still in an urgent need for further development. There are at least four kinds of hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels that are widely applied over the world and can be classified according to their operation modes. These wind tunnels are named as air-directly-heated hypersonic wind tunnel, light-gas-heated shock tunnel, free-piston-driven shock tunnel and detonation-driven shock tunnel, respectively. The critical technologies for developing the wind tunnels are introduced in this paper, and their merits and weakness are discussed based on wind tunnel performance evaluation. Measurement techniques especially developed for high-enthalpy flows are a part of the hypersonic wind tunnel technology because the flow is a chemically reacting gas motion and its diagnosis needs specially designed instruments. Three kinds of the measurement techniques considered to be of primary importance are introduced here, including the heat flux sensor, the aerodynamic balance, and optical diagnosis techniques. The techniques are developed usually for conventional wind tunnels, but further improved for hypersonic and high-enthalpy tunnels. The hypersonic ground test facilities have provided us with most of valuable experimental data on high-enthalpy flows and will play a more important role in hypersonic research area in the future. Therefore, several prospects for developing hypersonic and high-enthalpy wind tunnels are presented from our point of view.     

整体弹性结构法及在叶片流固耦合分析中的应用

针对三维叶片时域流固耦合振动响应计算普遍耗时的问题,采用一种假设整体结构的模态位移,求解固体时域响应和实现高效网格变形,发展了一种3维时域流固耦合分析的整体弹性结构方法,并应用于压气机叶片0°和180°相位角的气动稳定性分析中。结果表明,所发展方法的计算结果与传统双向时域算法和文献的结果较为吻合,而计算效率相比于传统算法显著提升;在所分析的两个相位角下,叶片振动的气动阻尼均随流量减小先增大后降低,相比于0°相位角,180°下叶片的气动稳定性大幅提高,表明该方法能有效应用于叶片的工程流固耦合研究。     

空心气冷低压涡轮动叶气热耦合数值模拟

以空心气冷低压涡轮动叶为研究对象,采用高质量的流体域和固体域网格控制技术,带转捩模型的双方程SST湍流模型,开展了基于CFD方法的叶片气热耦合问题研究。获得了不同冷气流量比(分别为1.0%,1.38%,1.8%和2.2%)、温比(分别为2.1,2.25,2.3,2.4和2.5)和压比(分别为1.4,1.6和1.8)对叶片换热特性的影响规律,设计状态中截面按弧长平均的叶片壁面金属温度计算值较试验值偏小0.3%,气热耦合计算的叶片壁面温度分布与试验结果吻合良好,验证了气热强耦合计算方法的精度,为涡轮叶片温度场分析提供了一种有效的方法。     

A swept fin-induced flow field with different height mounting gaps

In order to apply the air fin successfully and ensure the maneuverability of hypersonic vehicle, a key problem to be studied urgently is the heat flux brought by the fin mounting gap. The appearance of mounting gap and fin shaft can induce many complex flow structures which need more attentions to be investigated. Under Ma 6, Nano-tracer-based Planar Laser Scattering (NPLS) and Temperature Sensitive Paints (TSP) were applied to visualize and measure transient flow structures and heat flux distribution of a swept fin-induced flow field with different height mounting gaps. Complementarily, Reynolds-averaged N-S equations were solved with k-ω SST turbulent model. The heat flux distribution results of numerical simulation and TSP observed the change of high heat flux region with different mounting gap, both in position and magnitude. The streamlines based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and flow visualization results obtained by NPLS revealed the cause of high heat flux region. The high heat flux region in this flow field is mainly related to the reattachment of vortex and flow stagnation. The increase of gap height can lead to stronger gap overflow and shaft-induced horseshoe vortex, which are source of the high heat flux around the fin. The case with the highest mounting gap (4 mm) en-counters the most severe aerodynamic heating, both on the surface of fin and plate. Thus, under the premise of ensuring the flexibility of the fin, the gap should be set as small as possible.     

基于有限元模拟的三维型材拉弯轨迹设计

针对三维型材拉弯,提出一种基于变形控制有限元模拟的轨迹设计方法。首先提取模具长度方向特征线并将其离散成诸多线段单元,这样毛料逐步包覆模具的过程就变成毛料包覆这些线段单元的过程。给定毛料依次包覆线段单元发生的变形,根据切线接触条件（拉弯成形过程中毛料离开模具的位置处两者相切）计算出每步毛料末端位移。将这些位移作为边界条件输入有限元模型中计算毛料应力、应变和回弹。根据成形极限图和规定最大回弹超差量来调整变形模式,找到优化的变形模式和拉弯轨迹。以中空矩形截面型材三维拉弯为例,给出了轨迹设计的详细流程。     

柔性扑翼非定常流场的数值计算方法

提出一种将Delaunay图映射网格变形技术和非结构嵌套网格方法结合使用的策略,解决网格变形和嵌套网格单独用于柔性扑翼流场计算时需要网格再生的问题。该方法为嵌套网格中的每个嵌于背景网格的贴体非结构网格生成Delaunay背景图;每个时间步,根据扑翼的运动和变形规律移动背景图,再根据网格点和背景图的映射关系移动网格点,之后自动完成嵌套边界的定义和插值关系的建立。为方便嵌套关系的建立,嵌套网格进行分层管理。也研究了一种内存消耗少、效率较高的搜索算法,以及格心格式和格点格式统一的边界拓宽算法。非定常可压缩Navier-Stokes方程在非结构的动态网格上用有限体积法离散,并用预处理的双时间步推进、隐式LU-SGS迭代求解。几个扑翼算例的结果表明,该方法充分利用了Delaunay图映射网格变形方法的高效率,同时也发挥了嵌套网格处理大幅运动的优势;用于既有整体大幅扑动又有局部小变形的柔性扑翼流场计算,可取得令人满意的精度和效率。     

双层壳型涡轮叶片中冲击旋流换热增益效果试验

以双层壳型涡轮叶片内冷通道中旋流换热特性为研究对象,采用热膜法,对双层壳型冷却结构中的狭小受限通道中,旋流作用下换热特性的变化规律开展了细致的试验研究。重点分析了冷却空气的旋流作用对换热的强化增益效果。试验中通过改变冲击Re数(10 000～20 000),冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D(0.35～1.7)等参数,研究了其对旋流的形成及内表面局部换热系数的影响规律。研究发现:由于双层壳型叶片内冷通道的空间受限,冷却空气在通道内形成了旋流结构,该旋流结构显著影响了内表面的局部换热系数并可以有效提高换热效果。研究结果表明:内表面局部换热系数对冲击间距和冲击孔直径之比H/D最为敏感,对于不同冲击Re数,存在一个最佳的H/D使得旋流换热增益效果达到最大(Re=10 000时,最佳H/D为0.95;Re=15 000,20 000,最佳H/D=0.63)。     

HTPB推进剂湿热老化规律及损伤模式实验

通过HTPB推进剂湿热老化实验,采用测定单轴定速拉伸条件下标准哑铃形试件声发射(AE)信号的方法,结合扫描电镜(SEM)断面观察结果,对HTPB推进剂的湿热老化规律和损伤模式进行了研究,给出了一个描述湿热老化性能变化规律的三阶段模型。实验研究表明:声发射信号累积计数对时间的导数的大小对应基体开裂、脱湿和宏观断裂三种损伤模式;同时水份破坏粘合剂和氧化剂的界面是导致脱湿关键因素,且水份在推进剂中的浓度与脱湿严重程度呈正相关。     

考虑弯扭变形的叶片模型配准方法

叶片测量数据与其CAD模型的配准定位是叶片几何形状分析的关键步骤。针对涡轮叶片的弯扭变形对叶片模型配准定位的不利影响,提出一种考虑弯扭变形的叶片模型配准方法,以提高叶片模型配准的可靠性与鲁棒性。在迭代最近点算法的目标函数中引入预变换函数,建立考虑弯扭变形的叶片模型配准目标函数。对叶片模型做切片化处理,进行弯扭变形分析生成叶片弯扭变形曲线,使用叶片弯扭变形曲线指导叶片测量数据配准。使用仿真生成带弯扭变形的叶片数据与通过坐标测量机获取的叶片实测数据对配准方法进行了验证。结果表明,所讨论方法能提高模型配准的可靠性,避免弯扭变形可能导致的叶片模型配准失败。