面向重心变化的自适应飞行控制系统设计

重心的变化直接影响飞机本身的控制特性,使得控制系统设计更为复杂.针对已有方法模型依赖性强、鲁棒性差的局限性,提出了一种面向重心变化的非线性自适应飞行控制系统设计方法.该方法基于逆动力学理论和重心在线估计系统设计标称控制律,在此基础上引入自适应滑模控制单元来构建自适应补偿控制律,其中滑模控制用于保证控制的鲁棒性和稳定性,而自适应单元则通过对模型不确定性和重心估计误差的估计及补偿提高控制的适应性和控制性能.结合Lyapunov稳定性理论证明了闭环系统的稳定性.仿真结果表明:该方法能有效地实现对系统未知不确定因素的补偿,具有较强的鲁棒性.     

月面重力模拟系统恒拉力绳索的动力学研究

月面巡视器在未来探月工程中有非常重要的作用.月球重力场是影响月面巡视器运动性能的重要环境因素,需要对其进行地面模拟试验.文章基于绳索悬挂建立月面重力模拟系统,其关键是对恒拉力绳索进行建模和动力学分析.通过将绳索离散化为一系列集中质量的弹簧阻尼结构,得到多刚体系统来代替连续的弹性系统,用数值计算方法来研究绳索系统的动力学参数(如刚度和阻尼)对月面重力模拟系统的影响,来优化月面重力模拟系统.     

Wolf–Rayet optically thick winds with Alfvén waves

The Wolf–Rayet (WR) stars are hot luminous objects which are suffering an extreme mass loss via a continuous stellar wind. The high values of mass loss rates and high terminal velocities of the WR stellar winds constitute a challenge to the theories of radiation driven winds. Several authors incorporated magnetic forces to the line driven mechanism in order to explain these characteristics of the wind. Observations indicate that the WR stellar winds may reach, at the photosphere, velocities of the order of the terminal values, which means that an important part of the wind acceleration occurs at the optically thick region. The aim of this study is to analyze a model in which the wind in a WR star begins to be accelerated in the optically thick part of the wind. We used as initial conditions stellar parameters taken from the literature and solved the energy, mass and momentum equations. We demonstrate that the acceleration only by radiative forces is prevented by the general behavior of the opacities. Combining radiative forces plus a flux of Alfvén waves, we found in the simulations a fast drop in the wind density profile which strongly reduces the extension of the optically thick region and the wind becomes optically thin too close its base. The understanding how the WR wind initiate is still an open issue.     

超声电喷推进机理研究

超声电喷推进是一种新型的电推进技术,主要用于解决胶体推力器等电推力器发射点集成困难、发射点数密度低的问题。通过将超声振动产生的大量微细驻波作为发射源,超声电喷推进将从根本上提高发射点的数目和密度,形成较大的推力密度。文章对超声电喷推进的发射机理进行了研究,得到相应的理论发射模型。通过对发射表面上微细驻波的形成过程、带电液滴的分离过程进行理论分析,建立了静电场条件下微细驻波波峰临界状态的平衡方程,推导出微细驻波波峰局部半径以及发射液滴尺寸的理论解,并提出了发射电流、比冲和推力的估算方程。在此基础上,分析了极间电场强度、超声振动频率、超声振动功率、推进剂性能黏度、推进剂表面张力系数和电导率对超声电喷推进性能的影响规律,并进行了试验验证。     

激光捷联惯导车载重力测量试验

惯性导航系统中加速度计测量的比力是载体运动加速度与重力加速度的矢量和,当载体运动加速度能够被有效分离时,满足一定精度水平的惯性导航系统就可以成为动态重力仪。捷联式惯性导航系统体积小、重量轻、系统组成简单,可以在记录下惯性器件原始输出信息之后,通过离线处理过程进行数据处理和精度挖掘。本文通过对某高精度激光捷联惯导进行相应的软硬件更改,获得了兼具导航及重力测量功能的一体式动态重力仪。地面车载试验是验证动态重力仪的测量精度的有效手段之一,本文将一组高速公路重复测线的数据进行了处理和分析,结果表明在平均车速72km/hr的条件下,半波长分辨率2km,自由空间重力异常内符合精度优于1mGal。     

A stationary bow shock model for plasmas: The spherical blunt obstacle problem

We present an analytic model of a stationary bow shock which describes the interaction between a supermagnetosonic ambient wind and an obstacle with spherical-like frontal shape. We develop expressions for the bow shock’s geometry and the physical properties of the plasma sheath as functions of the upstream conditions. The solution is limited to magnetic fields parallel to the upstream velocity. The model allows to use any value of the upstream alfvenic and sonic Mach numbers and the polytropic index (γ$\gamma$), pointing out the influence of γ$\gamma$ for the magnetosheath compression and the bow shock shape. When both Mach numbers are small, the upstream magnetic field intensity affects also the bow shock shape. We compare our results with other models finding important consistencies. We also compare our results with in-situ data, we fund a reasonable qualitative agreement; however, it seems that our model underestimates the magnetosheath size.     

Numerical modeling of propagation of breaking nonlinear acoustic-gravity waves from the lower to the upper atmosphere

Acoustic-gravity waves (AGWs) observed in the upper atmosphere may be generated near the Earth’s surface due to a variety of meteorological sources. Two-dimensional simulations of vertical propagation and breaking of nonlinear AGWs in the atmosphere are performed. Forcing near the Earth’s surface is used as the AGW source in the model. We use a numerical method based on finite-difference analogues of fundamental conservation laws for solving atmospheric hydrodynamic equations. This approach selects physically correct generalized solutions of the wave hydrodynamic equations. Numerical simulations are performed in a representative region of the Earth’s atmosphere up to altitude 500 km. Vertical profiles of temperature, density, molecular viscosity and heat conductivity were taken from the standard atmosphere model MSIS-90 for January. Calculations were made for different amplitudes and frequencies of lower boundary wave forcing. It is shown that after activating the tropospheric wave forcing, the initial pulse of AGWs may very quickly propagate to altitudes of 100 km and above and relatively slowly dissipate due to molecular viscosity and heat conduction. This may increase the role of transient nonstationary waves in effective energy transport and variations of atmospheric parameters and gas admixtures in a broad altitude range.     

水下重力辅助惯性导航关键技术研究及实现

重力辅助惯性导航已渐成水下导航领域的研究热点,其实现是一项复杂的工程,涉及多项的关键技术.文章首先介绍了重力辅助导航的基本原理;之后详细阐述了在真实海洋环境下,重力辅助导航所需解决的若干关键技术问题,并给出了相应的研究成果;最后总结了我国水下重力辅助导航的发展趋势及研究的若干建议.     

Inversion of satellite gradiometry data using statistically modified integral formulas for local gravity field recovery

The satellite gravity gradiometric data can be used directly to recover the gravity anomaly at sea level using inversion of integral formulas. This approach suffers by the spatial truncation errors of the integrals, but these errors can be reduced by modifying the formulas. It allows us to consider smaller coverage of the satellite data over the region of recovery. In this study, we consider the second-order radial derivative (SORD) of disturbing potential (T_rr) and determine the gravity anomaly with a resolution of 1° × 1° at sea level by inverting the statistically modified version of SORD of extended Stokes’ formula. Also we investigate the effect of the spatial truncation error on the quality of inversion considering noise of T_rr. The numerical investigations show satisfactory results when the area of T_rr coverage is the same with that of the gravity anomaly and the integral formula is modified by the biased least-squares modification. The error of recovery will be about 6 mGal after removing the regularization bias in the presence of 1 mE noise in T_rr measured on the orbit.     

Lower ionosphere response to external forcing: A brief review

There are two ways of external forcing of the lower ionosphere, the region below an altitude of about 100 km: (1) From above, which is directly or indirectly of solar origin. (2) From below, which is directly or indirectly of atmospheric origin. The external forcing of solar origin consists of two general factors – solar ionizing radiation variability and space weather. The solar ionization variability consist mainly from the 11-year solar cycle, the 27-day solar rotation and solar flares, strong flares being very important phenomenon in the daytime lower ionosphere due to the enormous increase of the solar X-ray flux resulting in temporal terminating of MF and partly LF and HF radio wave propagation due to heavy absorption of radio waves. Monitoring of the sudden ionospheric disturbances (SIDs – effects of solar flares in the lower ionosphere) served in the past as an important tool of monitoring the solar activity and its impacts on the ionosphere. Space weather effects on the lower ionosphere consist of many different but often inter-related phenomena, which govern the lower ionosphere variability at high latitudes, particularly at night. The most important space weather phenomenon for the lower ionosphere is strong geomagnetic storms, which affect substantially both the high- and mid-latitude lower ionosphere. As for forcing from below, it is caused mainly by waves in the neutral atmosphere, i.e. planetary, tidal, gravity and infrasonic waves. The most important and most studied waves are planetary and gravity waves. Another channel of the troposphere coupling to the lower ionosphere is through lightning-related processes leading to sprites, blue jets etc. and their ionospheric counterparts. These phenomena occur on very short time scales. The external forcing of the lower ionosphere has observationally been studied using predominantly ground-based methods exploiting in various ways the radio wave propagation, and by sporadic rocket soundings. All the above phenomena are briefly mentioned and some of them are treated in more detail.