最优冲量交会的研究进展

 对最优冲量交会的研究进展进行综述,介绍最优冲量交会中四类比较典型的研究成果：基于冲量校正理论的最优冲量交会、Lambert最优冲量交会、利用数值方法求解的最优冲量交会和基于邻近圆轨道交会理论的最优冲量交会,并分析这些类型的最优交会的特点。     

International Practices to Protect the Geostationary Ring

Since more than 20 years reorbiting of geostationary satellites at the end of their mission is recommended and partially performed to protect the GEO environment. Now a worldwide accepted reorbiting altitude was defined by the Inter-Agency Space Debris Coordination Committee (IADC). Still only one-third of the aging satellites follow this IADC rule. Based on orbital data in the DISCOS database, the situation in the geostationary ring is analyzed. From 878 known objects, 305 are controlled inside their longitude slots, 353 are drifting above, below or through GEO, and 125 are in a libration orbit (status of January 2001). In the last four years (1997–2000) 58 spacecraft reached end-of-life. Twenty of them were reorbited in compliance with the IADC recommendations, 16 were reorbited below this recommendation and 22 were abandoned without any end-of-life disposal manoeuvre.     

Analytical and semi-analytical investigations of geosynchronous space debris with high area-to-mass ratios

This paper provides a Hamiltonian formulation of the averaged equations of motion with respect to short periods (1 day) of a space debris subjected to direct solar radiation pressure and orbiting near the geostationary ring. This theory is based on a semi-analytical theory of order 1 regarding the averaging process, formulated using canonical and non-singular elements for eccentricity and inclination. The analysis is based on an expansion in powers of the eccentricity and of the inclination, truncated at an arbitrary high order.     

冻结轨道的一阶解

将 Brouwer早期研究所获得的一阶解变换为适用于小偏心率轨道的结果 ,根据这个结果可以清楚地看出冻结轨道就是精确的圆轨道 ,冻结的特性及其机理也可以清楚地显示出来。此外还进一步采用 Hill变量将冻结轨道的一阶解表示成一种非常简单的形式。     

Classification of Geostationary Objects

This paper lists all geostationary and near-geostationary objects contained in ESA's DISCOS database.     

基于特征模型的Halo轨道维持控制

平动点，尤其是共线平动点轨道在未来深空探测活动中具有重要的应用价值，但由于共线平动点轨道不稳定，运行在其上的航天器在无控情况下将很快偏离标称轨道，因此在实际任务中，轨道维持必不可少。针对地月系L₂点附近的Halo轨道维持问题，首先在圆型限制性三体模型下，利用Richardson三阶近似解析解、微分修正以及打靶法获得了用于维持控制的标称轨道；然后设计了基于特征模型理论的黄金分割控制器用于速度跟踪以及PD控制器用于位置跟踪；最后分别在圆型限制性三体模型和双圆限制性四体模型下进行了仿真分析。结果表明：在两种模型下，位置和速度的跟踪精度分别优于100 m和0.003 m/s，但双圆限制性四体模型下所需总的速度增量比圆型限制性三体模型下所需总的速度增量高一个数量级。     

基于迭代修正方法的严格回归轨道设计

通过分析太阳同步回归轨道的轨道根数和星下点经度/纬度的关系,推导了一组轨道根数的修正公式。基于高精度轨道动力学模型和升交点位置确定方法,构造了关于轨道半长轴和轨道倾角的迭代修正方法。针对偏心率矢量的动力学系统所具有的极限环特性,构造了平均法求其解析近似,从而实现冻结轨道特性对偏心率和近地点幅角的迭代修正。结合迭代修正,得到一组严格回归的轨道根数。该轨道能够重访空间目标点,具有较高的回归精度。     

The classical Laplace plane as a stable disposal orbit for geostationary satellites

The classical Laplace plane is a frozen orbit, or equilibrium solution for the averaged dynamics arising from Earth oblateness and lunisolar gravitational perturbations. The pole of the orbital plane of uncontrolled GEO satellites regress around the pole of the Laplace plane at nearly constant inclination and rate. In accordance with Friesen et al. (1993), we show how this stable plane can be used as a robust long-term disposal orbit. The current graveyard regions for end-of-life retirement of GEO payloads, which is several hundred kilometers above GEO depending on the spacecraft characteristics, cannot contain the newly discovered high area-to-mass ratio debris population. Such objects are highly susceptible to the effects of solar radiation pressure exhibiting dramatic variations in eccentricity and inclination over short periods of time. The Laplace plane graveyard, on the contrary, would trap this debris and would not allow these objects to rain down through GEO. Since placing a satellite in this inclined orbit can be expensive, we discuss some alternative disposal schemes that have acceptable cost-to-benefit ratios.     

Experimental study on impact of roller imbalance on cage stability

This study presents a method for measuring the imbalance in a small-sized cylindrical roller. The roller imbalance was calibrated on the built static-pressure-air flotation measurement machine. The impact of the roller imbalance on the dynamic characteristics of a cage were then studied on the aero-bearing test rig. The displacement spectrums with different roller imbalance of the obtained cage orbits under various bearing speed and radial load were used to evaluate the cage stability. The results show that the cage cannot form a stable operating state at a lower bearing speed with or without the unbalanced rollers. The cage with balanced rollers gradually develops stable motion with the increase of the bearing speed. The existence of a small roller imbalance causes the stability of the cage to deteriorate. With an increase in the bearing speed and radial load, the cage with the unbalanced rollers runs unsteadily accompanied by a high-frequency vibration when the roller imbalance is large enough. The vibration amplitude of the cage in the horizontal direction is greater than that in the vertical direction during an unstable operation, which is similar in the stable status.     

Medium Earth Orbit dynamical survey and its use in passive debris removal

The Medium Earth Orbit (MEO) region hosts satellites for navigation, communication, and geodetic/space environmental science, among which are the Global Navigation Satellites Systems (GNSS). Safe and efficient removal of debris from MEO is problematic due to the high cost for maneuvers needed to directly reach the Earth (reentry orbits) and the relatively crowded GNSS neighborhood (graveyard orbits). Recent studies have highlighted the complicated secular dynamics in the MEO region, but also the possibility of exploiting these dynamics, for designing removal strategies. In this paper, we present our numerical exploration of the long-term dynamics in MEO, performed with the purpose of unveiling the set of reentry and graveyard solutions that could be reached with maneuvers of reasonable $\mathrm{\Delta }V$ cost. We simulated the dynamics over 120–200?years for an extended grid of millions of fictitious MEO satellites that covered all inclinations from 0 to 90°, using non-averaged equations of motion and a suitable dynamical model that accounted for the principal geopotential terms, 3rd-body perturbations and solar radiation pressure (SRP). We found a sizeable set of usable solutions with reentry times that exceed $～40$ years, mainly around three specific inclination values: 46°, 56°, and 68°; a result compatible with our understanding of MEO secular dynamics. For $\mathrm{\Delta }V?300$ m/s (i.e., achieved if you start from a typical GNSS orbit and target a disposal orbit with $e<0.3$), reentry times from GNSS altitudes exceed $～70$ years, while low-cost ($\mathrm{\Delta }V?5–35$ m/s) graveyard orbits, stable for at lest 200?years, are found for eccentricities up to $e\approx 0.018$. This investigation was carried out in the framework of the EC-funded “ReDSHIFT” project.