直连式喷气发动机试车台试验件进气的联接方式及有关问题

针对直连式喷气发动机试车台稳定段同试验件的联接问题，根据空气流量测量、补氧及推力测量等不同试验目的与要求，讨论了选择联接方案对试验结果的影响。结果认为，模拟总温较高时，音速喷嘴流量测量联接方式应慎重选用；采用能够测量进、出口压力的迷宫密封方式，可以根据喷嘴及回绕式阻隔件流动理论计算出空气泄漏量并可测出压力损失值，从而对试验所要求的补氧量及推力测量提供较准确的修正。     

密集型空气雾化流场破碎特征数学模型研究

低速液体射流在高速湍流气体作用下的气液同轴射流雾化流场是瞬态密集型喷雾场,高速湍流中影响和控制雾化的因素很多。针对空气雾化流场液核分布与特征进行分析,开发了模拟液核的随机浸入体模型,结合大涡模拟方法对同轴射流空气雾化喷嘴下游流场进行数值模拟。模拟结果与实验结果对比表明：随机浸入体模型可快速捕捉液核的长度和位置信息。当气液动量比M为3~10000时,能够较准确地预测液核长度,当M>10时,其预测结果远优于唯象模型;该模型能够捕捉回流区、大尺度涡等流场结构。同时,可以准确地预测喷嘴附近的液滴粒径,特别是在气流速度较大（>60m/s）时,液滴平均直径预测误差<10%。     

闪沸工况下过热度对水喷雾雾化效果的影响

针对空间及高空环境中航天器、空天飞行器热载荷不断提升而热耗散能力低下的严峻问题,研究水喷雾在低压闪沸工况（又称过热状态）下的雾化效果,雾化效果会直接影响到喷雾的冷却效果。首先,建立了单个液滴在低压环境下由于气泡生长、气动力造成的二次雾化（液滴破裂）模型以及沸腾传质传热模型。其次,通过拉格朗日法综合喷雾中所有液滴,利用MATLAB仿真计算不同过热度对喷雾雾化及液滴温度的影响。进而分析过热度对喷雾冷却效果的影响。计算结果表明,闪沸工况下雾化效果远优于过冷状态;液滴在闪沸工况下温度总会快速趋近饱和温度;过热度越高液滴的雾化效果越好,理论上能够带来更好的冷却效果。     

NNW-TopViz流场可视分析系统

流场可视化技术采用图形图像直观地表现CFD数值模拟的计算结果,使用户能够方便地对这些数据进行分析、比较和研究。然而,CFD数值模拟的流动复杂,其产生的流场数据规模巨大、数据类型复杂、特征提取困难,传统的串行可视化软件效率低、交互手段单一,难以满足数据分析的需求。国家数值风洞（NNW）工程研制了一套流场数据处理可视化软件系统（NNW-TopViz,简称TopViz）,具有对流场数据处理与特征提取、几何图形绘制等可视化与交互功能。根据可视分析效率需求,TopViz实现了线程并行,在多核计算环境下有效提高了可视化计算和交互效率;针对流场特征提取困难、常规方法效率低的问题,TopViz实现了基于卷积神经网络的流场旋涡特征提取方法,提升了特征提取准确率和效率;为提高软件交互效率并提供便捷的交互方式和体验,基于头戴式显示设备和体感控制器构建沉浸式虚拟显示与交互平台,TopViz实现了手势和眼球凝视2种交互方法,提供沉浸式环境下多视图、多角度流场探测方式。     

Flow field characteristics,mixing and emissions performance of a lab-scale rich-quench-lean trapped-vortex combustor utilizing a quench orifice plate combined with a bluff-body

In this study, the low emission combustion technology of Rich-Quench-Lean (RQL) has been applied in Trapped-Vortex Combustor (TVC), and the combinative RQL-TVC shows a promising low emissions performance. By utilizing a quench orifice plate combined with a bluff-body, a lab-scale RQL-TVC was designed. The flow fields of RQL-TVC were measured by 2-D PIV and predicted by 3-D numerical simulation. Flow structures, radial profiles of normalized mean axial velocity, turbulence intensity and mixing level of the quench zone were analyzed. Results reveal that the dual-vortex and the single-vortex flow patterns both exist in cavities and quench zone of RQL-TVC, and the turbulence intensity is strong in the quench zone with some reverse flows. The spiral vortex was discussed by 3-D streamlines and the detail flow structures of the quench zone were analyzed based on the numerical results. The mixing level of the quench zone was determined, and results show that the quench device enhances the mixing level compared with TVC. Combustion efficiency and emissions performance were investigated experimentally, and results demonstrate that RQL-TVC has relatively higher combustion efficiency and lower emission index of CO, UHC and NO_x than the same size lab-scale TVC in present work.     

不同重力条件下单气泡池沸腾现象的数值研究

对不同重力条件下常压饱和水中单气泡池沸腾现象的气泡生长过程及传热特性进行了数值模拟. 采用简化的润滑流模型计算生长气泡底部微液膜的贡献, 而其他宏观区域的气液两相介质则用连续界面模型统一处理. 气液界面形状和加热面上接触线的运动分别采用Level Set方法和固定的表观接触角来近似刻画. 计算结果表明, 气泡生长过程中, 当量直径近似与生长时间的1/3～1/2次方成正比, 重力对相关趋势的影响不大, 但强烈影响着气泡脱落直径和生长时间, 其中脱落直径反比于重力的1/3次方, 生长时间反比于重力的4/5次方. 在固定的核化点数密度条件下, 加热面平均热流密度近似与壁面过热度的3/2次方成正比, 该趋势并不随重力的减弱而改变.      

低雷诺数涡轮叶片边界层转捩及分离特性测量

低雷诺数工作条件下涡轮流场特征及其控制设计,是航空发动机低压涡轮部件设计的难点和重点。针对低雷诺数涡轮叶栅流场开展了实验研究工作,利用油流显示、表面静压、边界层压力探针等测量手段研究了涡轮叶片边界层的分离和转捩。结果表明雷诺数降低导致了流动损失的增大,且存在一个临界雷诺数。当雷诺数小于临界雷诺数时,发生在吸力面的流动分离是开式的层流分离泡,不会再附与叶片;当雷诺数大于临界雷诺数时,分离流会在尾缘前重新附着于叶片吸力面,形成闭式分离泡。随着雷诺数的减小,出口尾迹变宽,出口流动损失、出口速度亏损和出口气流角偏离增大,尾迹中心向吸力面方向移动。     

Effects of wing flexibility on aerodynamic performance of an aircraft model

The low-speed wind tunnel experiment is carried out on a simplified aircraft model to explore the influence of wing flexibility on the aircraft aerodynamic performance. The investigation involves the measurements of force, membrane deformation and velocity field at Reynolds number of 5.4 × 10⁴–1.1 × 10⁵. In the lift curves, two peaks are observed. The first peak, corresponding to the stall, is sensitive to the wing flexibility much more than the second peak, which nearly keeps constant. For the optimal case, in comparison with the rigid wing model, the delayed stall of nearly 5° is achieved, and the relative lift increment is about 90%. It is revealed that the lift enhanced region corresponds to the larger deformation and stronger vibration, which leads to stronger flow mixing near the flexible wing surface. Thereby, the leading-edge separation is suppressed, and the aerodynamic performance is improved significantly. Furthermore, the effects of sweep angle and Reynolds number on the aerodynamic characteristics of flexible wing are also presented.     

Full blended blade and endwall design of a compressor cascade

In the current state-of-the-art, high-loss flow in the endwall significantly influences compressor performance. Therefore, the control of endwall corner separation in compressor blade rows is important to consider. Based on the previous research of the Blended Blade and EndWall (BBEW) technique, which can significantly reduce corner separation, in combination with a non-axisymmetric endwall, the full-BBEW technique is proposed in this study to further reduce the separation in endwall region. The principle of the unchanged axial passage area is considered to derive the geometric method for this technique. Three models are further classified based on different geometric characteristics of this technique: the BBEW model, Inclining-Only EndWall (IOEW) model, and full-BBEW model. The most effective design of each model is then found by performing several optimizations at the design point and related numerical investigations over the entire operational conditions. Compared with the prototype, the total pressure loss coefficient decreases by 7%–9% in the optimized full-BBEW at the design point. Moreover, the aerodynamic blockage coefficient over the entire operational range decreases more than the other models, which shows its positive effect for diffusion. This approach has a larger decrease at negative incidence angles where the intersection of the boundary layer plays an important role in corner separation. The analysis shows that the blended blade profile enlarges the dihedral angle and creates a span-wise pressure gradient to move low momentum fluid towards the mainstream. Furthermore, the inclining hub geometry accelerates the accumulated flow in the corner downstream by increasing the pressure gradient. Overall, though losses in the mainstream grow, especially for large incidences, the full-BBEW technique effectively reduces the separation in corners.     

微细丝上气泡射流间的相互作用特性

实验考察微细加热丝上气泡射流间的相互作用现象,发现相邻气泡射流间的相互吸引现象,强相互作用时多股射流可以合并成一股射流.分析揭示出气泡射流间相互吸引的物理机制在于,气泡生长造成局部温度下降导致相邻气泡两侧的热毛细力不均衡,进而引起两个气泡射流间的相互吸引,而相邻气泡则有互相远离的趋势.利用数值模拟给出了气泡射流系统的温度场和流场,很好地验证气泡射流间相互吸引的物理机制.