基于三维点云重建的助推器位姿估计

助推器分离是运载火箭发射过程中的关键动作之一,常用的激光雷达姿态测量技术在助推器分离阶段受外界干扰严重,难以准确获得位姿。基于视觉的助推器位姿变化测量技术具有优秀的抗干扰能力,通过搭建三维点云重建网络,以图像为输入,三维点云为输出,在构建的助推器分离过程的图像 点云数据上进行了训练和测试,对测试重建的助推器点云使用主成分分析的方法完成了位姿的估算。测试结果表明,所建立的三维点云重建网络可以根据仿真图像数据,精确测量助推器分离阶段的位姿变化,在R2score指标下,对三维坐标的预测分数均在0.98以上,姿态角平均误差约为21°,预测分数则均在0.80以上。     

Al_2O_（3P）／Zn－Al复合材料的硬度与耐磨性能

研究了流变铸造法制备的Ａｌ２Ｏ３Ｐ／Ｚｎ－Ａｌ复合材料硬度和耐磨性能。结果表明Ａｌ２Ｏ３Ｐ的加入，提高了Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金的室温和高温硬度，改善了其耐磨性能。颗粒体积含量增加，或者颗粒粒径的减小都将提高该复合材料的硬度和耐磨性，而试验温度的增加会引起其硬度的迅速降低。不过，Ａｌ２Ｏ３Ｐ的加入显著改善了Ｚｎ－Ａｌ合金耐高温性能。此外，文中还研究了淬火、回火或循环热处理对该复合材料硬度值的影响。     

Radio occultation electron density profiles from the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites over the Brazilian region: A comparison with Digisonde data

This study aims to validate the electron density profiles from the FORMOSAT-3/COSMIC satellites with data from Digisondes in Brazil during the low solar activity period of the years 2006, 2007 and 2008. Data from three Brazilian Digisondes located in Cachoeira Paulista (22.7°S, 45°W), São Luís (2.5°S, 44.2°W) and Fortaleza (3.8°S, 38°W) were used in the comparisons. Only the profiles whose density peak have been obtained near the stations coordinates were chosen for the comparison. Although there is generally good agreement, some cases of discrepancies are observed. Some of these discrepancies cannot be explained simply by the differences in the position and local time of the measurements made by the satellite and the ground-based station. In such cases it is possible that local conditions, such as the presence of a trans-equatorial wind or electron density gradients, could contribute to the observed differences. Comparison of the F2 layer peak parameters, the NmF2 and hmF2, obtained from the two techniques showed that, in general, the agreement for NmF2 is pretty good and the NmF2 has a better correlation than hmF2. Cachoeira Paulista had the worst correlation for hmF2 possibly because this station is situated in the region under the influence of the equatorial ionization anomaly, a region where it is more difficult to apply the RO technique without violating the spherical symmetry condition.     

异构多星编队的脉冲构型保持控制方法

近地轨道的双星编队通常设计具有自稳定性的编队构型参数初值,通过保持编队构型参数形成长期稳定的相对周期运动。针对编队中卫星数量增多产生的相对运动耦合问题,提出了基于Hill坐标和三角函数公式的多星相对运动分析方法。基于SAR载荷测量基线定义,结合多星编队构型参数的相对运动特性,提出了编队构型参数的设计方法,能够实现多星编队的最大有效基线组合。通过分析J2项摄动和大气阻力摄动的长期影响,研究了异构多星编队的相对运动衍化规律,提出了主从形式的脉冲偏置控制,能够有效保持针对异构多星编队设计的编队构型。通过面质比异构的四星编队控制仿真,验证了脉冲偏置控制形式下异构多星编队构型保持控制方法的有效性。     

Metallic and Oxidized Aluminum Debris Impacting the Trailing Edge of the Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF)

A total of 87 microcraters >30 m in diameter that were found in gold substrates exposed on the trailing edge of the non-spinning Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF) yielded analyzable projectile residues in their interiors. Using qualitative SEM-EDS analysis methods, some 60 of these craters were formed by natural cosmic-dust particles, while 27 residues (31%) were assigned to orbital debris (Hörz et al., 1993). The far majority of the orbital-debris impacts, 24 (89%) of the 27 events, contained only aluminum in their X-ray spectra. The present study evaluates these aluminum-rich residues in detail and employs a windowless X-ray detector, which permits for the analysis of low-Z elements and specifically of oxygen. This makes it possible to discriminate between oxidized (Al₂O₃) and metallic (Al) projectiles from dramatically different sources, the former produced during solid-fuel rocket firings, the latter resulting from explosively or collisionally disrupted spacecraft.Of the 24 craters analyzed with the windowless detector, 13 (54%) contained Al₂O₃ and 11 (46%) yielded structurally disintegrated Al metal. The oxidized residues preferentially occur in the smaller craters, all <60 m in diameter. Corresponding particles on LDEF's trailing edge are <35 m in diameter. Some 70% of this particle population is composed of Al₂O₃. Although solid-fuel rocket exhaust products are typically <5 m in size, they tend to coagulate into crusts at the rocket nozzle to be shed occasionally as relatively large, aggregate particles. Structurally disintegrated, metallic fragments compose one-third of all particles <35 m, but they dominate all particles >35 m, and thus all craters >60 m. These findings clearly establish that solid-rocket exhaust particles, as well as explosively or collisionally produced debris, exist in low-inclination, high-eccentricity orbits in sufficient quantities that they must be accounted for in models describing the present and future orbital-debris population at typical Shuttle and Space Station altitudes.     

基于"斑马图"复用技术的分布式卫星SAR波位设计方法研究

重点研究分布式卫星合成孔径雷达系统的波位覆盖设计问题。推导了精确的星间几何关系模型，针对主星发射-辅星接收的简化模型，提出了一种基于“斑马图”复用技术的设计方法：根据分布式卫星空间几何模型，将辅星雷达回避直达波及星下点回波的限制条件，在主星雷达“斑马图”（即脉冲重复频率与覆盖关系约束图）上示出，即主、辅星复用波位设计“斑马图”；在合成斑马图上选择主星雷达的波位，则可以同时满足主、辅星雷达的限制条件。该方法可以很好地解决分布式卫星合成孔径雷达对地协同探测过程中面临的获取有效测绘带回波的问题。通过计算机仿真，给出波位设计结果，验证了本文方法的有效性。     

高低轨双星时频差无源定位精度

高低轨卫星联合定位是提高地面辐射源无源定位精度的有效方法。从时差基线、速度差增加方面分析了高低轨双星定位精度相对同轨卫星定位精度高的原因,推导出高低轨双星时频差定位误差分布表达式,分析了高低轨联合定位适用的时频差测量方法及其测量精度。仿真分析结果表明:在低轨卫星星下点附近较大范围内,定位精度达到百米量级。验证了双星相对位置变化、时频差测量误差、高低轨卫星自身位置速度测量误差等因素对高低轨双星定位精度的影响。     

北斗专列—CZ 3A系列火箭发展回顾和未来展望

CZ-3A系列运载火箭承担了北斗工程,包括北斗一号、北斗二号和北斗三号的全部发射任务,被称为“北斗专列”。在北斗工程历时26年的研制过程中,CZ-3A系列火箭突破了一系列关键技术,使火箭具备了从地球同步转移轨道(GTO)到倾斜同步转移轨道(IGTO)、中圆转移轨道(MTO),从一箭一星发射至转移轨道,到一箭双星发射至转移轨道,再到一箭双星直接发射入轨的发射能力,实现了跨越发展。满足了北斗工程的发射任务需求,北斗工程共计44箭、59星,CZ-3A系列火箭发射均获得了圆满成功,成功率达到了100%。     

均匀金属微滴打印大高径比金属针肋及其形貌预测

散热器是航天器热控系统的核心部件,采用金属微针肋阵列结构的散热器具有优良性能,能够极大提升散热效率。但微小金属针肋结构有大长径比、弱刚度的特点,切削或铸造等传统成形方法存在切削受力变形、难以填充型腔或脱模等不利因素,使得微针肋阵列高径比受到制约。本文提出均匀金属微滴3D打印直接成形大高径比金属微针肋方法,研究了基板温度、液滴沉积温度与液滴最终形貌的关系,建立了沉积液滴形貌以及微针肋轮廓预测模型,实现了针肋形貌的预测。在相应参数下以锡铅合金为材料进行了微滴打印试验,打印出直径为394μm、高径比超过100的金属微针肋,为将来航天器用高效微针肋散热器的3D打印新途径奠定了基础。     

Si3N4/TC4活性钎焊连接机理与性能

针对Si_3N_4/TC4复合结构钎焊连接问题,研究了钎料和母材中活性元素Ti对Si_3N_4/TC4接头润湿性、界面结合机制和力学性能的影响。进行了润湿、接头显微组织分析和剪切强度试验,结果表明:活性元素Ti对于钎料在陶瓷表面的润湿起主要作用,Ag-Cu钎料通过TC4母材中Ti元素的长程扩散进入Si_3N_4界面虽然实现润湿,但形成的反应产物并不明显,陶瓷/钎料界面成为断裂薄弱区域。Ag-Cu-Ti钎料中Ti元素在Si_3N_4一侧界面富集形成TiN+Ti_5Si_3反应层,对钎料在陶瓷界面润湿性和接头断裂脆性都具有改善作用,接头剪切强度达到267.3 MPa。