航天器异常与空间环境

本文研究考查了靠近或在地球同步轨道上的ＳＣＡＴＨＡ、ＴＤＲＳ－１卫星以及ＧＰＳ、ＧＯＥＳ卫星组等的各自１０年左右运行时间中,空间环境所导致航天器异常的发生率的年分布特征,月分布特征,地方时分布特征以及不同类型的发生率分布特征。结果表明,由于不同空间环境因素对航天器作用不同,引起异常类型不一样,因此,太阳长周期和短月,地方时周期活动对航天器异常发生率影响无简单的统一规律特征;长周期中的单粒子事件是由     

Interior Evolution of Mercury

The interior evolution of Mercury—the innermost planet in the solar system, with its exceptional high density—is poorly known. Our current knowledge of Mercury is based on observations from Mariner 10’s three flybys. That knowledge includes the important discoveries of a weak, active magnetic field and a system of lobate scarps that suggests limited radial contraction of the planet during the last 4 billion years. We review existing models of Mercury’s interior evolution and further present new 2D and 3D convection models that consider both a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity and core cooling. These studies provide a framework for understanding the basic characteristics of the planet’s internal evolution as well as the role of the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, mantle viscosity, and sulfur content of the core have had on the history of Mercury’s interior. The existence of a dynamo-generated magnetic field suggests a growing inner core, as model calculations show that a thermally driven dynamo for Mercury is unlikely. Thermal evolution models suggest a range of possible upper limits for the sulfur content in the core. For large sulfur contents the model cores would be entirely fluid. The observation of limited planetary contraction (∼1–2 km)—if confirmed by future missions—may provide a lower limit for the core sulfur content. For smaller sulfur contents, the planetary contraction obtained after the end of the heavy bombardment due to inner core growth is larger than the observed value. Due to the present poor knowledge of various parameters, for example, the mantle rheology, the thermal conductivity of mantle and crust, and the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, it is not possible to constrain the core sulfur content nor the present state of the mantle. Therefore, it is difficult to robustly predict whether or not the mantle is conductive or in the convective regime. For instance, in the case of very inefficient planetary cooling—for example, as a consequence of a strong thermal insulation by a low conductivity crust and a stiff Newtonian mantle rheology—the predicted sulfur content can be as low as 1 wt% to match current estimates of planetary contraction, making deep mantle convection likely. Efficient cooling—for example, caused by the growth of a crust strongly in enriched in radiogenic elements—requires more than 6.5 wt% S. These latter models also predict a transition from a convective to a conductive mantle during the planet’s history. Data from future missions to Mercury will aid considerably our understanding of the evolution of its interior.     

低温加压条件下EVA手套的力量分析

为了研究航天员舱外活动时的手套压力和太空低温复合效应对操作力量的影响,选取最大握力和握力疲劳两个指标评价手动作业力量,其中握力疲劳采用做功能力评价.操作力量抓握试验所需的不同温度和压力是通过在低温模拟舱中利用液氮降温以及真空泵抽气实现.结果表明:戴手套对最大握力和握力疲劳的影响都非常显著;与常温常压戴手套相比,压力(29.6 kPa,39.2 kPa)单独作用对最大握力的影响显著,低温单独作用对最大握力的影响并不显著,而二者对握力疲劳的影响都非常显著;在加压和低温复合作用下,最大握力和握力疲劳会进一步受到显著影响.可见手套压力和太空低温复合效应严重降低了航天员手部力量的发挥,航天员舱外作业人-手套系统的研究需考虑复合因素的影响.     

磁场影响葡萄糖氧化酶活性的研究

以尼龙网作载体，用戊二醛交联将区区糖氧化酶（ＧＯＤ）固定装成酶柱并联结于流动体系中，采用流动注射分光光度法研究磁场对固定化ＧＯＤ催化活性的影响。结果表明，在０℃、５℃、４５℃下以１．０×１０＾－２ｍｏｌ．Ｌ＾－１的葡萄糖为底物及５５℃下以０．１ｍｏｌ＾－１的葡萄糖为底物时，０．２２Ｔ静有显著提高固定化ＧＯＤ的反应速度，且磁场效应与底物浓度及磁场作用时间有关。用动力学方法考察了不同强度的磁场对溶解Ｇ     

KM6水平舱改造测控系统研制

宇航员出舱活动是我国载人航天发展战略的第二步——空间实验室工程的一项基本任务。为满足完成“SZ-7人-船-服”出舱活动联合试验任务的需要,必须需要对原有KM6水平舱进行适应性的功能改造。为了确保宇航员的生命安全,必须尽可能的提高整个控制系统的可靠性,。测控系统在总体结构上采用SIEMENS PCS7冗余集散控制系统的方式,对所有关键测控环节（包括控制计算机、CPU、电源、网络、I/O模块等）都进行了冗余备份,以确保宇航员出舱活动试验流程的顺利进行,并对重要操作中关键参数互联、互锁,杜绝误操作,确保有完善的系统监控和故障报警功能,。改造后通过多次调试和多种试验模式演练,各分系统和总控系统测控功能均达到设计指标要求。为人-舱-服联合试验提供了坚强的后盾。     

基于AOV图及二叉树的梯形图与指令表互换算法

通过对可编程逻辑控制器(Programma blelogic contro ller,PLC)的梯形图语言及指令表语言的分析,提出了基于AOV(Activity on vertex)有向图和二叉树实现梯形图与指令表程序相互转换的算法。转换算法将梯形图映射为AOV图,并由其建立二叉树来表示指令间的逻辑关系,通过遍历二叉树实现PLC梯形图与指令表的转换。文中给出一个转换实例,介绍了算法思想及其实现步骤。该算法具有通用性,适于复杂控制逻辑的梯形图,已成功用于水电自动化监控系统中的PLC编程软件平台。     

Variation of ionospheric electron and ion temperatures during periods of minimum to maximum solar activity by the SROSS-C2 satellite over Indian low and equatorial latitudes

To study the variation of ionospheric electron and ion temperatures with solar activity the data of electron and ion temperatures were recorded with the help of Retarding Potential Analyzer payload aboard Indian SROSS-C2 satellite at an average altitude of ∼500 km. The main focuses of the paper is to see the diurnal, seasonal and latitudinal variations of electron and ion temperatures during periods of minimum to maximum solar activity. The ionospheric temperatures in the topside show strong variations with altitude, latitude, season and solar activity. In present study, the temperature variations with latitude, season and solar activity have been studied at an average altitude ∼500 km. The peak at sunrise has been observed during all seasons, in both electron and ion temperatures. Further, the ionospheric temperatures vary with latitude in day time. The latitudinal variation is more pronounced for low solar activity than for high solar activity.     

Ionospheric variation at Thailand equatorial latitude station: Comparison between observations and IRI-2001 model predictions

In this paper, the F2-layer critical frequency (foF2) and peak height (hmF2) measured by the FM/CW ionosonde at Thailand equatorial latitude station, namely Chumphon (10.72°N, 99.37°E, dip 3.22) are presented. The measurement data during low solar activity from January 2004 to December 2006 are analyzed based on the diurnal, seasonal variation. The results are then compared with IRI-2001 model predictions. Our study shows that: (1) In general, both the URSI and CCIR options of the IRI model give foF2 close to the measured ones, but the CCIR option produces a smaller range of deviation than the URSI option. The agreement during daytime is generally better than during nighttime. Overestimation mostly occurs in 2004 and 2006, while underestimation is during pre-sunrise hours in June solstice in 2005. The peak foF2 around sunset is higher during March equinox and September equinox than the other seasons, with longer duration of maximum levels in March equinox than September equinox. Large coefficients of variability foF2 occur during pre-sunrise hours. Meanwhile, the best agreement between the observed foF2 and the IRI model is obtained in June solstice. (2) In general, The IRI (CCIR) model predicts the observed hmF2 well during daytime in June solstice from 2004–2006, but it overestimates during March equinox, September equinox and December solstice. For nighttime, the model overestimates hmF2 values for all seasons especially during March equinox and September equinox. However, the model underestimates hmF2 values during September equinox and for some cases during June solstice and December solstice at pre-sunrise. The agreement between the IRI model and the hmF2(M3000_OBS) is worst around noontime, post-sunset and pre-sunrise hours. All comparative studies give feedback for new improvements of CCIR and URSI IRI models.     

Antioxidant capacity reduced in scallions grown under elevated CO2 independent of assayed light intensity

Long-duration manned space missions mandate the development of a sustainable life support system and effective countermeasures against damaging space radiation. To mitigate the risk of inevitable exposure to space radiation, cultivation of fresh fruits and vegetables rich in antioxidants is an attractive alternative to pharmacological agents. However it has yet to be established whether antioxidant properties of crops can be preserved or enhanced in a space environment where environmental conditions differ from that which plants have acclimated to on earth. Scallion (Allium fistulosum) rich in antioxidant vitamins C and A, and flavonoids was used as a model plant to study the impact of a range of CO₂ concentrations and light intensities that are likely encountered in a space habitat on food quality traits. Scallions were hydroponically grown in controlled environmental chambers under a combination of 3 CO₂ concentrations of 400, 1200 and 4000 μmol mol⁻¹ and 3 light intensity levels of 150, 300, 450 μmol m⁻² s⁻¹. Total antioxidant activity (TAA) of scallion extracts was determined using a radical cation scavenging assay. Both elevated CO₂ and increasing light intensity enhanced biomass accumulation, but effects on TAA (based on dry weight) differed. TAA was reduced for plants grown under elevated CO₂, but remained unchanged with increases in light intensity. Elevated CO₂ stimulated greater biomass production than antioxidants, while an increase in photosynthetic photo flux promoted the synthesis of antioxidant compounds at a rate similar to that of biomass. Consequently light is a more effective stimulus than CO₂ for antioxidant production.