Observations of Metals in the Intra-Cluster Medium

Because of their deep gravitational potential wells, clusters of galaxies retain all the metals produced by the stellar populations of the member galaxies. Most of these metals reside in the hot plasma which dominates the baryon content of clusters. This makes them excellent laboratories for the study of the nucleosynthesis and chemical enrichment history of the Universe. Here we review the history, current possibilities and limitations of the abundance studies, and the present observational status of X-ray measurements of the chemical composition of the intra-cluster medium. We summarise the latest progress in using the abundance patterns in clusters to put constraints on theoretical models of supernovae and we show how cluster abundances provide new insights into the star-formation history of the Universe.     

军用车辆外部射频干扰试验测试技术研究CSCD

提出了军用车辆外部射频干扰测试平台的搭建方法,对发射天线的选择、输入功率计算及测试系统匹配进行了详细介绍。给出了相应的测试方法,归纳该方法的技术特点及创新点。结合该测试平台及测试方法对抗干扰指标要求进行了验证。     

涡扇发动机进口畸变条件下的优化控制规律

提出了一种满足涡扇发动机不同进口畸变要求的控制规律.在涡扇发动机低进口畸变条件下通过提高增压比来提高性能,在高进口畸变条件下降低增压比并辅助导叶角调节以提高发动机裕度.根据不同的进口畸变条件下的裕度要求,提出了带边界缓冲区的差分进化算法(DEBZ),在包线内优化获取发动机增压比及导叶角控制规律.结合模型、控制器和控制规律完成涡扇发动机全包线仿真.仿真结果表明:采用该控制规律在畸变指数为2的条件下,涡扇发动机推力性能能够提高8%以上,而在畸变指数为8的条件下,涡扇发动机的可用裕度可以满足稳定要求,同时推力性能能够提高1%以上.      

Sliding mode tracking control for miniature unmanned helicopters

A sliding mode control design for a miniature unmanned helicopter is presented. The control objective is to let the helicopter track some predefined velocity and yaw trajectories. A new sliding mode control design method is developed based on a linearized dynamic model. In order to facilitate the control design, the helicopter’s dynamic model is divided into two subsystems,such as the longitudinal-lateral and the heading-heave subsystem. The proposed controller employs sliding mode control technique to compensate for the immeasurable flapping angles’ dynamic effects and external disturbances. The global asymptotic stability(GAS) of the closed-loop system is proved by the Lyapunov based stability analysis. Numerical simulations demonstrate that the proposed controller can achieve superior tracking performance compared with the proportionalintegral-derivative(PID) and linear-quadratic regulator(LQR) cascaded controller in the presence of wind gust disturbances.     

1 种航空发动机增广模型的建立方法

精确完整的发动机线性模型对于现代航空发动机控制系统的设计与故障诊断至关重要。提出了1种用差分进化算法提取包含发动机主要特征量及其执行机构状态变量的增广发动机状态变量模型的方法,其状态变量包括发动机转速、执行机构位移、速度、控制压力等特征,并包含了执行机构的输入饱和限制,与实际系统相一致。仿真结果表明:利用该方法建立的增广发动机状态变量模型与非线性模型动态响应过程吻合良好且稳定终值一致,可用于具有工程应用价值的控制器设计及包含执行机构的发动机故障诊断。     

民用航空涡扇发动机短舱外部阻力试验方法研究

为了发展一种适用于大涵道比民用航空涡扇发动机短舱外部阻力的试验方法,对NACA-1系列轴对称短舱试验进行改进,并在2.4m跨声速风洞中完成了试验研究,获取了某型大涵道比民用航空涡扇发动机短舱在马赫数0.388～0.86的外部阻力,通过数值仿真与试验结果对比,验证了试验方案的可行性.结果表明,经过改进的试验方案的攻角适用...     

滚动轴承振动性能状态演变的非线性特征和不确定性特征的灰关系分析

为了更加全面有效地监测滚动轴承服役过程中其振动性能状态的演变历程,用关联维数和盒维数表征振动性能状态演变的非线性,用振动数据瞬时值的波动范围和平均值的波动范围表征振动性能状态演变的不确定性。运用灰关系分析法求解参数序列之间的灰置信水平,进而分析轴承振动性能状态演变的非线性特征和不确定性特征之间的非线性相关程度。两个案例表明：总体上来看,关联维数和盒维数均有减小的趋势,瞬时值的波动范围和平均值的波动范围都有增大的趋势,而且它们在突变点处有某种意义上的对应关系。非线性特征参数序列和不确定性特征参数序列总体上有负相关关系,且不确定性参数序列与关联维数的灰置信水平均比其与盒维数的灰置信水平要高。     

复合材料加筋板冲击后损伤容限研究

研究复合材料加筋板受冲击后的损伤演化具有较高的工程应用价值。首先,以某型无人机拟应用的复合材料加筋壁板(T300/BA9913)为研究对象,对其进行低速冲击试验;在壁板中央处和肋与壁板胶结处进行冲击,其冲击能量取6.67 J/mm,测量凹坑深度和分层损伤面积。然后,应用商业软件ABAQUS,编写相应的VUMAT子程序对冲击损伤进行模拟,软件中采用适宜的材料模型、单元种类并建立不同属性的接触,把基于应变的三维Hashin准则运用于复合材料单层板的损伤失效准则中去。最后,运用基于断裂韧度的连续的刚度退化方针对材料的刚度折减。将所建立的冲击模型的模拟结果与冲击试验数据进行对比,证明了冲击模型的有效性和准确性。     

航空发动机传感器解析余度模型的建立方法

为了使用解析余度模型对传感器故障进行诊断,提出了1种基于K-均值聚类与改进微分进化算法优化的极端学习机(IDE-ELM)的发动机传感器解析余度模型建立方法。为避免求解ELM算法时H矩阵奇异,采用K-均值聚类对试验数据进行聚类处理,然后从每类数据中选取1组数据组成训练样本用于训练;利用IDE算法优化ELM的输入层权值和偏置,提高ELM的泛化能力。利用飞行试验数据进行了仿真验证。结果表明:基于K-均值聚类和IDE-ELM设计的传感器解析余度模型具有较高的精度,可用于FADEC系统双通道传感器的故障诊断。     

Interior Evolution of Mercury

The interior evolution of Mercury—the innermost planet in the solar system, with its exceptional high density—is poorly known. Our current knowledge of Mercury is based on observations from Mariner 10’s three flybys. That knowledge includes the important discoveries of a weak, active magnetic field and a system of lobate scarps that suggests limited radial contraction of the planet during the last 4 billion years. We review existing models of Mercury’s interior evolution and further present new 2D and 3D convection models that consider both a strongly temperature-dependent viscosity and core cooling. These studies provide a framework for understanding the basic characteristics of the planet’s internal evolution as well as the role of the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, mantle viscosity, and sulfur content of the core have had on the history of Mercury’s interior. The existence of a dynamo-generated magnetic field suggests a growing inner core, as model calculations show that a thermally driven dynamo for Mercury is unlikely. Thermal evolution models suggest a range of possible upper limits for the sulfur content in the core. For large sulfur contents the model cores would be entirely fluid. The observation of limited planetary contraction (∼1–2 km)—if confirmed by future missions—may provide a lower limit for the core sulfur content. For smaller sulfur contents, the planetary contraction obtained after the end of the heavy bombardment due to inner core growth is larger than the observed value. Due to the present poor knowledge of various parameters, for example, the mantle rheology, the thermal conductivity of mantle and crust, and the amount and distribution of radiogenic heat production, it is not possible to constrain the core sulfur content nor the present state of the mantle. Therefore, it is difficult to robustly predict whether or not the mantle is conductive or in the convective regime. For instance, in the case of very inefficient planetary cooling—for example, as a consequence of a strong thermal insulation by a low conductivity crust and a stiff Newtonian mantle rheology—the predicted sulfur content can be as low as 1 wt% to match current estimates of planetary contraction, making deep mantle convection likely. Efficient cooling—for example, caused by the growth of a crust strongly in enriched in radiogenic elements—requires more than 6.5 wt% S. These latter models also predict a transition from a convective to a conductive mantle during the planet’s history. Data from future missions to Mercury will aid considerably our understanding of the evolution of its interior.